filter: copilot

- Deleted the old ReasoningCache class and its instance.
- Introduced CacheService for managing reasoning caches.
- Updated unified-messages service to utilize new googleReasoningCache and openRouterReasoningCache.
- Added AiSdkToAnthropicSSE adapter to handle streaming events and integrate with new cache service.
- Reorganized shared adapters to include the new AiSdkToAnthropicSSE adapter.
- Created openrouter adapter with detailed reasoning schemas for better type safety and validation.

.gitignore

@@ -73,3 +73,5 @@ test-results
 YOUR_MEMORY_FILE_PATH
 
 .sessions/
+.next/
+*.tsbuildinfo

.oxlintrc.json

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
     "dist/**",
     "out/**",
     "local/**",
+    "tests/**",
     ".yarn/**",
     ".gitignore",
     "scripts/cloudflare-worker.js",

CLAUDE.md

@@ -12,7 +12,15 @@ This file provides guidance to AI coding assistants when working with code in th
 - **Always propose before executing**: Before making any changes, clearly explain your planned approach and wait for explicit user approval to ensure alignment and prevent unwanted modifications.
 - **Lint, test, and format before completion**: Coding tasks are only complete after running `yarn lint`, `yarn test`, and `yarn format` successfully.
 - **Write conventional commits**: Commit small, focused changes using Conventional Commit messages (e.g., `feat:`, `fix:`, `refactor:`, `docs:`).
-- **Follow PR template**: When submitting pull requests, follow the template in `.github/pull_request_template.md` to ensure complete context and documentation.
+
+## Pull Request Workflow (CRITICAL)
+
+When creating a Pull Request, you MUST:
+
+1. **Read the PR template first**: Always read `.github/pull_request_template.md` before creating the PR
+2. **Follow ALL template sections**: Structure the `--body` parameter to include every section from the template
+3. **Never skip sections**: Include all sections even if marking them as N/A or "None"
+4. **Use proper formatting**: Match the template's markdown structure exactly (headings, checkboxes, code blocks)
 
 ## Development Commands
 

electron-builder.yml

@@ -134,56 +134,108 @@ artifactBuildCompleted: scripts/artifact-build-completed.js
 releaseInfo:
   releaseNotes: |
     <!--LANG:en-->
-    What's New in v1.7.0-rc.3
+    A New Era of Intelligence with Cherry Studio 1.7.1
 
-    ✨ New Features:
-    - Provider: Added Silicon provider support for Anthropic API compatibility
-    - Provider: AIHubMix support for nano banana
+    Today we're releasing Cherry Studio 1.7.1 — our most ambitious update yet, introducing Agent: autonomous AI that thinks, plans, and acts.
 
-    🐛 Bug Fixes:
-    - i18n: Clean up translation tags and untranslated strings
-    - Provider: Fixed Silicon provider code list
-    - Provider: Fixed Poe API reasoning parameters for GPT-5 and reasoning models
-    - Provider: Fixed duplicate /v1 in Anthropic API endpoints
-    - Provider: Fixed Azure provider handling in AI SDK integration
-    - Models: Added Claude Opus 4.5 pattern to THINKING_TOKEN_MAP
-    - Models: Improved Gemini reasoning and message handling
-    - Models: Fixed custom parameters for Gemini models
-    - Models: Fixed qwen-mt-flash text delta support
-    - Models: Fixed Groq verbosity setting
-    - UI: Fixed quota display and quota tips
-    - UI: Fixed web search button condition
-    - Settings: Fixed updateAssistantPreset reducer to properly update preset
-    - Settings: Respect enableMaxTokens setting when maxTokens is not configured
-    - SDK: Fixed header merging logic in AI SDK
+    For years, AI assistants have been reactive — waiting for your commands, responding to your questions. With Agent, we're changing that. Now, AI can truly work alongside you: understanding complex goals, breaking them into steps, and executing them independently.
 
-    ⚡ Improvements:
-    - SDK: Upgraded @anthropic-ai/claude-agent-sdk to 0.1.53
+    This is what we've been building toward. And it's just the beginning.
+
+    🤖 Meet Agent
+    Imagine having a brilliant colleague who never sleeps. Give Agent a goal — write a report, analyze data, refactor code — and watch it work. It reasons through problems, breaks them into steps, calls the right tools, and adapts when things change.
+
+    - **Think → Plan → Act**: From goal to execution, fully autonomous
+    - **Deep Reasoning**: Multi-turn thinking that solves real problems
+    - **Tool Mastery**: File operations, web search, code execution, and more
+    - **Skill Plugins**: Extend with custom commands and capabilities
+    - **You Stay in Control**: Real-time approval for sensitive actions
+    - **Full Visibility**: Every thought, every decision, fully transparent
+
+    🌐 Expanding Ecosystem
+    - **New Providers**: HuggingFace, Mistral, CherryIN, AI Gateway, Intel OVMS, Didi MCP
+    - **New Models**: Claude 4.5 Haiku, DeepSeek v3.2, GLM-4.6, Doubao, Ling series
+    - **MCP Integration**: Alibaba Cloud, ModelScope, Higress, MCP.so, TokenFlux and more
+
+    📚 Smarter Knowledge Base
+    - **OpenMinerU**: Self-hosted document processing
+    - **Full-Text Search**: Find anything instantly across your notes
+    - **Enhanced Tool Selection**: Smarter configuration for better AI assistance
+
+    📝 Notes, Reimagined
+    - Full-text search with highlighted results
+    - AI-powered smart rename
+    - Export as image
+    - Auto-wrap for tables
+
+    🖼️ Image & OCR
+    - Intel OVMS painting capabilities
+    - Intel OpenVINO NPU-accelerated OCR
+
+    🌍 Now in 10+ Languages
+    - Added German support
+    - Enhanced internationalization
+
+    ⚡ Faster & More Polished
+    - Electron 38 upgrade
+    - New MCP management interface
+    - Dozens of UI refinements
+
+    ❤️ Fully Open Source
+    Commercial restrictions removed. Cherry Studio now follows standard AGPL v3 — free for teams of any size.
+
+    The Agent Era is here. We can't wait to see what you'll create.
 
     <!--LANG:zh-CN-->
-    v1.7.0-rc.3 更新内容
+    Cherry Studio 1.7.1：开启智能新纪元
 
-    ✨ 新功能:
-    - 提供商：新增 Silicon 提供商对 Anthropic API 的兼容性支持
-    - 提供商：AIHubMix 支持 nano banana
+    今天，我们正式发布 Cherry Studio 1.7.1 —— 迄今最具雄心的版本，带来全新的 Agent：能够自主思考、规划和行动的 AI。
 
-    🐛 问题修复:
-    - 国际化：清理翻译标签和未翻译字符串
-    - 提供商：修复 Silicon 提供商代码列表
-    - 提供商：修复 Poe API 对 GPT-5 和推理模型的推理参数
-    - 提供商：修复 Anthropic API 端点重复 /v1 问题
-    - 提供商：修复 Azure 提供商在 AI SDK 集成中的处理
-    - 模型：Claude Opus 4.5 添加到 THINKING_TOKEN_MAP
-    - 模型：改进 Gemini 推理和消息处理
-    - 模型：修复 Gemini 模型自定义参数
-    - 模型：修复 qwen-mt-flash text delta 支持
-    - 模型：修复 Groq verbosity 设置
-    - 界面：修复配额显示和配额提示
-    - 界面：修复 Web 搜索按钮条件
-    - 设置：修复 updateAssistantPreset reducer 正确更新 preset
-    - 设置：尊重 enableMaxTokens 设置
-    - SDK：修复 AI SDK 中 header 合并逻辑
+    多年来，AI 助手一直是被动的——等待你的指令，回应你的问题。Agent 改变了这一切。现在，AI 能够真正与你并肩工作：理解复杂目标，将其拆解为步骤，并独立执行。
 
-    ⚡ 改进:
-    - SDK：升级 @anthropic-ai/claude-agent-sdk 到 0.1.53
+    这是我们一直在构建的未来。而这，仅仅是开始。
+
+    🤖 认识 Agent
+    想象一位永不疲倦的得力伙伴。给 Agent 一个目标——撰写报告、分析数据、重构代码——然后看它工作。它会推理问题、拆解步骤、调用工具，并在情况变化时灵活应对。
+
+    - **思考 → 规划 → 行动**：从目标到执行，全程自主
+    - **深度推理**：多轮思考，解决真实问题
+    - **工具大师**：文件操作、网络搜索、代码执行，样样精通
+    - **技能插件**：自定义命令，无限扩展
+    - **你掌控全局**：敏感操作，实时审批
+    - **完全透明**：每一步思考，每一个决策，清晰可见
+
+    🌐 生态持续壮大
+    - **新增服务商**：Hugging Face、Mistral、Perplexity、SophNet、AI Gateway、Cerebras AI
+    - **新增模型**：Gemini 3、Gemini 3 Pro（支持图像预览）、GPT-5.1、Claude Opus 4.5
+    - **MCP 集成**：百炼、魔搭、Higress、MCP.so、TokenFlux 等平台
+
+    📚 更智能的知识库
+    - **OpenMinerU**：本地自部署文档处理
+    - **全文搜索**：笔记内容一搜即达
+    - **增强工具选择**：更智能的配置，更好的 AI 协助
+
+    📝 笔记，焕然一新
+    - 全文搜索，结果高亮
+    - AI 智能重命名
+    - 导出为图片
+    - 表格自动换行
+
+    🖼️ 图像与 OCR
+    - Intel OVMS 绘图能力
+    - Intel OpenVINO NPU 加速 OCR
+
+    🌍 支持 10+ 种语言
+    - 新增德语支持
+    - 全面增强国际化
+
+    ⚡ 更快、更精致
+    - 升级 Electron 38
+    - 新的 MCP 管理界面
+    - 数十处 UI 细节打磨
+
+    ❤️ 完全开源
+    商用限制已移除。Cherry Studio 现遵循标准 AGPL v3 协议——任意规模团队均可自由使用。
+
+    Agent 纪元已至。期待你的创造。
     <!--LANG:END-->

electron.vite.config.ts

@@ -25,7 +25,10 @@ export default defineConfig({
         '@shared': resolve('packages/shared'),
         '@logger': resolve('src/main/services/LoggerService'),
         '@mcp-trace/trace-core': resolve('packages/mcp-trace/trace-core'),
-        '@mcp-trace/trace-node': resolve('packages/mcp-trace/trace-node')
+        '@mcp-trace/trace-node': resolve('packages/mcp-trace/trace-node'),
+        '@cherrystudio/ai-core/provider': resolve('packages/aiCore/src/core/providers'),
+        '@cherrystudio/ai-core': resolve('packages/aiCore/src'),
+        '@cherrystudio/ai-sdk-provider': resolve('packages/ai-sdk-provider/src')
       }
     },
     build: {

eslint.config.mjs

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ export default defineConfig([
       'dist/**',
       'out/**',
       'local/**',
+      'tests/**',
       '.yarn/**',
       '.gitignore',
       'scripts/cloudflare-worker.js',

package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "CherryStudio",
-  "version": "1.7.0-rc.3",
+  "version": "1.7.1",
   "private": true,
   "description": "A powerful AI assistant for producer.",
   "main": "./out/main/index.js",
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
     "test": "vitest run --silent",
     "test:main": "vitest run --project main",
     "test:renderer": "vitest run --project renderer",
+    "test:aicore": "vitest run --project aiCore",
     "test:update": "yarn test:renderer --update",
     "test:coverage": "vitest run --coverage --silent",
     "test:ui": "vitest --ui",
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@
     "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk": "^1.17.5",
     "@mozilla/readability": "^0.6.0",
     "@notionhq/client": "^2.2.15",
-    "@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider": "^1.2.5",
+    "@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider": "^1.2.8",
     "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
     "@opentelemetry/core": "2.0.0",
     "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http": "^0.200.0",
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@
     "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node": "^2.0.0",
     "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-web": "^2.0.0",
     "@opeoginni/github-copilot-openai-compatible": "^0.1.21",
-    "@playwright/test": "^1.52.0",
+    "@playwright/test": "^1.55.1",
     "@radix-ui/react-context-menu": "^2.2.16",
     "@reduxjs/toolkit": "^2.2.5",
     "@shikijs/markdown-it": "^3.12.0",
@@ -321,7 +322,6 @@
     "p-queue": "^8.1.0",
     "pdf-lib": "^1.17.1",
     "pdf-parse": "^1.1.1",
-    "playwright": "^1.55.1",
     "proxy-agent": "^6.5.0",
     "react": "^19.2.0",
     "react-dom": "^19.2.0",

packages/ai-sdk-provider/src/cherryin-provider.ts

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ export interface CherryInProviderSettings {
   headers?: HeadersInput
   /**
    * Optional endpoint type to distinguish different endpoint behaviors.
+   * "image-generation" is also openai endpoint, but specifically for image generation.
    */
   endpointType?: 'openai' | 'openai-response' | 'anthropic' | 'gemini' | 'image-generation' | 'jina-rerank'
 }

packages/aiCore/src/__tests__/fixtures/mock-responses.ts

@@ -3,12 +3,13 @@
  * Provides realistic mock responses for all provider types
  */
 
-import { jsonSchema, type ModelMessage, type Tool } from 'ai'
+import type { ModelMessage, Tool } from 'ai'
+import { jsonSchema } from 'ai'
 
 /**
  * Standard test messages for all scenarios
  */
-export const testMessages = {
+export const testMessages: Record<string, ModelMessage[]> = {
   simple: [{ role: 'user' as const, content: 'Hello, how are you?' }],
 
   conversation: [
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ export const testMessages = {
     { role: 'assistant' as const, content: '15 * 23 = 345' },
     { role: 'user' as const, content: 'Now divide that by 5' }
   ]
-} satisfies Record<string, ModelMessage[]>
+}
 
 /**
  * Standard test tools for tool calling scenarios
@@ -138,68 +139,17 @@ export const testTools: Record<string, Tool> = {
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * Mock streaming chunks for different providers
- */
-export const mockStreamingChunks = {
-  text: [
-    { type: 'text-delta' as const, textDelta: 'Hello' },
-    { type: 'text-delta' as const, textDelta: ', ' },
-    { type: 'text-delta' as const, textDelta: 'this ' },
-    { type: 'text-delta' as const, textDelta: 'is ' },
-    { type: 'text-delta' as const, textDelta: 'a ' },
-    { type: 'text-delta' as const, textDelta: 'test.' }
-  ],
-
-  withToolCall: [
-    { type: 'text-delta' as const, textDelta: 'Let me check the weather for you.' },
-    {
-      type: 'tool-call-delta' as const,
-      toolCallType: 'function' as const,
-      toolCallId: 'call_123',
-      toolName: 'getWeather',
-      argsTextDelta: '{"location":'
-    },
-    {
-      type: 'tool-call-delta' as const,
-      toolCallType: 'function' as const,
-      toolCallId: 'call_123',
-      toolName: 'getWeather',
-      argsTextDelta: ' "San Francisco, CA"}'
-    },
-    {
-      type: 'tool-call' as const,
-      toolCallType: 'function' as const,
-      toolCallId: 'call_123',
-      toolName: 'getWeather',
-      args: { location: 'San Francisco, CA' }
-    }
-  ],
-
-  withFinish: [
-    { type: 'text-delta' as const, textDelta: 'Complete response.' },
-    {
-      type: 'finish' as const,
-      finishReason: 'stop' as const,
-      usage: {
-        promptTokens: 10,
-        completionTokens: 5,
-        totalTokens: 15
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-}
-
 /**
  * Mock complete responses for non-streaming scenarios
+ * Note: AI SDK v5 uses inputTokens/outputTokens instead of promptTokens/completionTokens
  */
 export const mockCompleteResponses = {
   simple: {
     text: 'This is a simple response.',
     finishReason: 'stop' as const,
     usage: {
-      promptTokens: 15,
-      completionTokens: 8,
+      inputTokens: 15,
+      outputTokens: 8,
       totalTokens: 23
     }
   },
@@ -215,8 +165,8 @@ export const mockCompleteResponses = {
     ],
     finishReason: 'tool-calls' as const,
     usage: {
-      promptTokens: 25,
-      completionTokens: 12,
+      inputTokens: 25,
+      outputTokens: 12,
       totalTokens: 37
     }
   },
@@ -225,14 +175,15 @@ export const mockCompleteResponses = {
     text: 'Response with warnings.',
     finishReason: 'stop' as const,
     usage: {
-      promptTokens: 10,
-      completionTokens: 5,
+      inputTokens: 10,
+      outputTokens: 5,
       totalTokens: 15
     },
     warnings: [
       {
         type: 'unsupported-setting' as const,
-        message: 'Temperature parameter not supported for this model'
+        setting: 'temperature',
+        details: 'Temperature parameter not supported for this model'
       }
     ]
   }
@@ -285,47 +236,3 @@ export const mockImageResponses = {
     warnings: []
   }
 }
-
-/**
- * Mock error responses
- */
-export const mockErrors = {
-  invalidApiKey: {
-    name: 'APIError',
-    message: 'Invalid API key provided',
-    statusCode: 401
-  },
-
-  rateLimitExceeded: {
-    name: 'RateLimitError',
-    message: 'Rate limit exceeded. Please try again later.',
-    statusCode: 429,
-    headers: {
-      'retry-after': '60'
-    }
-  },
-
-  modelNotFound: {
-    name: 'ModelNotFoundError',
-    message: 'The requested model was not found',
-    statusCode: 404
-  },
-
-  contextLengthExceeded: {
-    name: 'ContextLengthError',
-    message: "This model's maximum context length is 4096 tokens",
-    statusCode: 400
-  },
-
-  timeout: {
-    name: 'TimeoutError',
-    message: 'Request timed out after 30000ms',
-    code: 'ETIMEDOUT'
-  },
-
-  networkError: {
-    name: 'NetworkError',
-    message: 'Network connection failed',
-    code: 'ECONNREFUSED'
-  }
-}

packages/aiCore/src/__tests__/mocks/ai-sdk-provider.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/**
+ * Mock for @cherrystudio/ai-sdk-provider
+ * This mock is used in tests to avoid importing the actual package
+ */
+
+export type CherryInProviderSettings = {
+  apiKey?: string
+  baseURL?: string
+}
+
+// oxlint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
+export const createCherryIn = (_options?: CherryInProviderSettings) => ({
+  // oxlint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
+  languageModel: (_modelId: string) => ({
+    specificationVersion: 'v1',
+    provider: 'cherryin',
+    modelId: 'mock-model',
+    doGenerate: async () => ({ text: 'mock response' }),
+    doStream: async () => ({ stream: (async function* () {})() })
+  }),
+  // oxlint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
+  chat: (_modelId: string) => ({
+    specificationVersion: 'v1',
+    provider: 'cherryin-chat',
+    modelId: 'mock-model',
+    doGenerate: async () => ({ text: 'mock response' }),
+    doStream: async () => ({ stream: (async function* () {})() })
+  }),
+  // oxlint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
+  textEmbeddingModel: (_modelId: string) => ({
+    specificationVersion: 'v1',
+    provider: 'cherryin',
+    modelId: 'mock-embedding-model'
+  })
+})

packages/aiCore/src/__tests__/setup.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+/**
+ * Vitest Setup File
+ * Global test configuration and mocks for @cherrystudio/ai-core package
+ */
+
+// Mock Vite SSR helper to avoid Node environment errors
+;(globalThis as any).__vite_ssr_exportName__ = (_name: string, value: any) => value
+
+// Note: @cherrystudio/ai-sdk-provider is mocked via alias in vitest.config.ts

packages/aiCore/src/core/options/__tests__/factory.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { createOpenAIOptions, createOpenRouterOptions, mergeProviderOptions } from '../factory'
+
+describe('mergeProviderOptions', () => {
+  it('deep merges provider options for the same provider', () => {
+    const reasoningOptions = createOpenRouterOptions({
+      reasoning: {
+        enabled: true,
+        effort: 'medium'
+      }
+    })
+    const webSearchOptions = createOpenRouterOptions({
+      plugins: [{ id: 'web', max_results: 5 }]
+    })
+
+    const merged = mergeProviderOptions(reasoningOptions, webSearchOptions)
+
+    expect(merged.openrouter).toEqual({
+      reasoning: {
+        enabled: true,
+        effort: 'medium'
+      },
+      plugins: [{ id: 'web', max_results: 5 }]
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('preserves options from other providers while merging', () => {
+    const openRouter = createOpenRouterOptions({
+      reasoning: { enabled: true }
+    })
+    const openAI = createOpenAIOptions({
+      reasoningEffort: 'low'
+    })
+    const merged = mergeProviderOptions(openRouter, openAI)
+
+    expect(merged.openrouter).toEqual({ reasoning: { enabled: true } })
+    expect(merged.openai).toEqual({ reasoningEffort: 'low' })
+  })
+
+  it('overwrites primitive values with later values', () => {
+    const first = createOpenAIOptions({
+      reasoningEffort: 'low',
+      user: 'user-123'
+    })
+    const second = createOpenAIOptions({
+      reasoningEffort: 'high',
+      maxToolCalls: 5
+    })
+
+    const merged = mergeProviderOptions(first, second)
+
+    expect(merged.openai).toEqual({
+      reasoningEffort: 'high', // overwritten by second
+      user: 'user-123', // preserved from first
+      maxToolCalls: 5 // added from second
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('overwrites arrays with later values instead of merging', () => {
+    const first = createOpenRouterOptions({
+      models: ['gpt-4', 'gpt-3.5-turbo']
+    })
+    const second = createOpenRouterOptions({
+      models: ['claude-3-opus', 'claude-3-sonnet']
+    })
+
+    const merged = mergeProviderOptions(first, second)
+
+    // Array is completely replaced, not merged
+    expect(merged.openrouter?.models).toEqual(['claude-3-opus', 'claude-3-sonnet'])
+  })
+
+  it('deeply merges nested objects while overwriting primitives', () => {
+    const first = createOpenRouterOptions({
+      reasoning: {
+        enabled: true,
+        effort: 'low'
+      },
+      user: 'user-123'
+    })
+    const second = createOpenRouterOptions({
+      reasoning: {
+        effort: 'high',
+        max_tokens: 500
+      },
+      user: 'user-456'
+    })
+
+    const merged = mergeProviderOptions(first, second)
+
+    expect(merged.openrouter).toEqual({
+      reasoning: {
+        enabled: true, // preserved from first
+        effort: 'high', // overwritten by second
+        max_tokens: 500 // added from second
+      },
+      user: 'user-456' // overwritten by second
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('replaces arrays instead of merging them', () => {
+    const first = createOpenRouterOptions({ plugins: [{ id: 'old' }] })
+    const second = createOpenRouterOptions({ plugins: [{ id: 'new' }] })
+    const merged = mergeProviderOptions(first, second)
+    // @ts-expect-error type-check for openrouter options is skipped. see function signature of createOpenRouterOptions
+    expect(merged.openrouter?.plugins).toEqual([{ id: 'new' }])
+  })
+})

packages/aiCore/src/core/options/factory.ts

@@ -26,13 +26,65 @@ export function createGenericProviderOptions<T extends string>(
   return { [provider]: options } as Record<T, Record<string, any>>
 }
 
+type PlainObject = Record<string, any>
+
+const isPlainObject = (value: unknown): value is PlainObject => {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+}
+
+function deepMergeObjects<T extends PlainObject>(target: T, source: PlainObject): T {
+  const result: PlainObject = { ...target }
+  Object.entries(source).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+    if (isPlainObject(value) && isPlainObject(result[key])) {
+      result[key] = deepMergeObjects(result[key], value)
+    } else {
+      result[key] = value
+    }
+  })
+  return result as T
+}
+
 /**
- * 合并多个供应商的options
- * @param optionsMap 包含多个供应商选项的对象
- * @returns 合并后的TypedProviderOptions
+ * Deep-merge multiple provider-specific options.
+ * Nested objects are recursively merged; primitive values are overwritten.
+ *
+ * When the same key appears in multiple options:
+ * - If both values are plain objects: they are deeply merged (recursive merge)
+ * - If values are primitives/arrays: the later value overwrites the earlier one
+ *
+ * @example
+ * mergeProviderOptions(
+ *   { openrouter: { reasoning: { enabled: true, effort: 'low' }, user: 'user-123' } },
+ *   { openrouter: { reasoning: { effort: 'high', max_tokens: 500 }, models: ['gpt-4'] } }
+ * )
+ * // Result: {
+ * //   openrouter: {
+ * //     reasoning: { enabled: true, effort: 'high', max_tokens: 500 },
+ * //     user: 'user-123',
+ * //     models: ['gpt-4']
+ * //   }
+ * // }
+ *
+ * @param optionsMap Objects containing options for multiple providers
+ * @returns Fully merged TypedProviderOptions
  */
 export function mergeProviderOptions(...optionsMap: Partial<TypedProviderOptions>[]): TypedProviderOptions {
-  return Object.assign({}, ...optionsMap)
+  return optionsMap.reduce<TypedProviderOptions>((acc, options) => {
+    if (!options) {
+      return acc
+    }
+    Object.entries(options).forEach(([providerId, providerOptions]) => {
+      if (!providerOptions) {
+        return
+      }
+      if (acc[providerId]) {
+        acc[providerId] = deepMergeObjects(acc[providerId] as PlainObject, providerOptions as PlainObject)
+      } else {
+        acc[providerId] = providerOptions as any
+      }
+    })
+    return acc
+  }, {} as TypedProviderOptions)
 }
 
 /**

packages/aiCore/src/core/providers/__tests__/schemas.test.ts

@@ -19,15 +19,20 @@ describe('Provider Schemas', () => {
       expect(Array.isArray(baseProviders)).toBe(true)
       expect(baseProviders.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
 
+      // These are the actual base providers defined in schemas.ts
       const expectedIds = [
         'openai',
-        'openai-responses',
+        'openai-chat',
         'openai-compatible',
         'anthropic',
         'google',
         'xai',
         'azure',
-        'deepseek'
+        'azure-responses',
+        'deepseek',
+        'openrouter',
+        'cherryin',
+        'cherryin-chat'
       ]
       const actualIds = baseProviders.map((p) => p.id)
       expectedIds.forEach((id) => {

packages/aiCore/src/core/runtime/__tests__/generateImage.test.ts

@@ -232,11 +232,13 @@ describe('RuntimeExecutor.generateImage', () => {
 
       expect(pluginCallOrder).toEqual(['onRequestStart', 'transformParams', 'transformResult', 'onRequestEnd'])
 
+      // transformParams receives params without model (model is handled separately)
+      // and context with core fields + dynamic fields (requestId, startTime, etc.)
       expect(testPlugin.transformParams).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-        { prompt: 'A test image' },
+        expect.objectContaining({ prompt: 'A test image' }),
         expect.objectContaining({
           providerId: 'openai',
-          modelId: 'dall-e-3'
+          model: 'dall-e-3'
         })
       )
 
@@ -273,11 +275,12 @@ describe('RuntimeExecutor.generateImage', () => {
 
       await executorWithPlugin.generateImage({ model: 'dall-e-3', prompt: 'A test image' })
 
+      // resolveModel receives model id and context with core fields
       expect(modelResolutionPlugin.resolveModel).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
         'dall-e-3',
         expect.objectContaining({
           providerId: 'openai',
-          modelId: 'dall-e-3'
+          model: 'dall-e-3'
         })
       )
 
@@ -339,12 +342,11 @@ describe('RuntimeExecutor.generateImage', () => {
         .generateImage({ model: 'invalid-model', prompt: 'A test image' })
         .catch((error) => error)
 
-      expect(thrownError).toBeInstanceOf(ImageGenerationError)
-      expect(thrownError.message).toContain('Failed to generate image:')
+      // Error is thrown from pluginEngine directly as ImageModelResolutionError
+      expect(thrownError).toBeInstanceOf(ImageModelResolutionError)
+      expect(thrownError.message).toContain('Failed to resolve image model: invalid-model')
       expect(thrownError.providerId).toBe('openai')
       expect(thrownError.modelId).toBe('invalid-model')
-      expect(thrownError.cause).toBeInstanceOf(ImageModelResolutionError)
-      expect(thrownError.cause.message).toContain('Failed to resolve image model: invalid-model')
     })
 
     it('should handle ImageModelResolutionError without provider', async () => {
@@ -362,8 +364,9 @@ describe('RuntimeExecutor.generateImage', () => {
       const apiError = new Error('API request failed')
       vi.mocked(aiGenerateImage).mockRejectedValue(apiError)
 
+      // Error propagates directly from pluginEngine without wrapping
       await expect(executor.generateImage({ model: 'dall-e-3', prompt: 'A test image' })).rejects.toThrow(
-        'Failed to generate image:'
+        'API request failed'
       )
     })
 
@@ -376,8 +379,9 @@ describe('RuntimeExecutor.generateImage', () => {
       vi.mocked(aiGenerateImage).mockRejectedValue(noImageError)
       vi.mocked(NoImageGeneratedError.isInstance).mockReturnValue(true)
 
+      // Error propagates directly from pluginEngine
       await expect(executor.generateImage({ model: 'dall-e-3', prompt: 'A test image' })).rejects.toThrow(
-        'Failed to generate image:'
+        'No image generated'
       )
     })
 
@@ -398,15 +402,17 @@ describe('RuntimeExecutor.generateImage', () => {
         [errorPlugin]
       )
 
+      // Error propagates directly from pluginEngine
       await expect(executorWithPlugin.generateImage({ model: 'dall-e-3', prompt: 'A test image' })).rejects.toThrow(
-        'Failed to generate image:'
+        'Generation failed'
       )
 
+      // onError receives the original error and context with core fields
       expect(errorPlugin.onError).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
         error,
         expect.objectContaining({
           providerId: 'openai',
-          modelId: 'dall-e-3'
+          model: 'dall-e-3'
         })
       )
     })
@@ -419,9 +425,10 @@ describe('RuntimeExecutor.generateImage', () => {
       const abortController = new AbortController()
       setTimeout(() => abortController.abort(), 10)
 
+      // Error propagates directly from pluginEngine
       await expect(
         executor.generateImage({ model: 'dall-e-3', prompt: 'A test image', abortSignal: abortController.signal })
-      ).rejects.toThrow('Failed to generate image:')
+      ).rejects.toThrow('Operation was aborted')
     })
   })
 

packages/aiCore/src/core/runtime/__tests__/generateText.test.ts

@@ -17,10 +17,14 @@ import type { AiPlugin } from '../../plugins'
 import { globalRegistryManagement } from '../../providers/RegistryManagement'
 import { RuntimeExecutor } from '../executor'
 
-// Mock AI SDK
-vi.mock('ai', () => ({
+// Mock AI SDK - use importOriginal to keep jsonSchema and other non-mocked exports
+vi.mock('ai', async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = (await importOriginal()) as Record<string, unknown>
+  return {
+    ...actual,
     generateText: vi.fn()
-}))
+  }
+})
 
 vi.mock('../../providers/RegistryManagement', () => ({
   globalRegistryManagement: {
@@ -409,11 +413,12 @@ describe('RuntimeExecutor.generateText', () => {
         })
       ).rejects.toThrow('Generation failed')
 
+      // onError receives the original error and context with core fields
       expect(errorPlugin.onError).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
         error,
         expect.objectContaining({
           providerId: 'openai',
-          modelId: 'gpt-4'
+          model: 'gpt-4'
         })
       )
     })

packages/aiCore/src/core/runtime/__tests__/streamText.test.ts

@@ -11,10 +11,14 @@ import type { AiPlugin } from '../../plugins'
 import { globalRegistryManagement } from '../../providers/RegistryManagement'
 import { RuntimeExecutor } from '../executor'
 
-// Mock AI SDK
-vi.mock('ai', () => ({
+// Mock AI SDK - use importOriginal to keep jsonSchema and other non-mocked exports
+vi.mock('ai', async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = (await importOriginal()) as Record<string, unknown>
+  return {
+    ...actual,
     streamText: vi.fn()
-}))
+  }
+})
 
 vi.mock('../../providers/RegistryManagement', () => ({
   globalRegistryManagement: {
@@ -153,7 +157,7 @@ describe('RuntimeExecutor.streamText', () => {
   describe('Max Tokens Parameter', () => {
     const maxTokensValues = [10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000]
 
-    it.each(maxTokensValues)('should support maxTokens=%s', async (maxTokens) => {
+    it.each(maxTokensValues)('should support maxOutputTokens=%s', async (maxOutputTokens) => {
       const mockStream = {
         textStream: (async function* () {
           yield 'Response'
@@ -168,12 +172,13 @@ describe('RuntimeExecutor.streamText', () => {
       await executor.streamText({
         model: 'gpt-4',
         messages: testMessages.simple,
-        maxOutputTokens: maxTokens
+        maxOutputTokens
       })
 
+      // Parameters are passed through without transformation
       expect(streamText).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
         expect.objectContaining({
-          maxTokens
+          maxOutputTokens
         })
       )
     })
@@ -513,11 +518,12 @@ describe('RuntimeExecutor.streamText', () => {
         })
       ).rejects.toThrow('Stream error')
 
+      // onError receives the original error and context with core fields
       expect(errorPlugin.onError).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
         error,
         expect.objectContaining({
           providerId: 'openai',
-          modelId: 'gpt-4'
+          model: 'gpt-4'
         })
       )
     })

packages/aiCore/vitest.config.ts

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
+
 import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config'
 
+const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
+
 export default defineConfig({
   test: {
-    globals: true
+    globals: true,
+    setupFiles: [path.resolve(__dirname, './src/__tests__/setup.ts')]
   },
   resolve: {
     alias: {
-      '@': './src'
+      '@': path.resolve(__dirname, './src'),
+      // Mock external packages that may not be available in test environment
+      '@cherrystudio/ai-sdk-provider': path.resolve(__dirname, './src/__tests__/mocks/ai-sdk-provider.ts')
     }
   },
   esbuild: {

packages/shared/anthropic/index.ts

@@ -9,13 +9,27 @@
  */
 
 import Anthropic from '@anthropic-ai/sdk'
-import type { TextBlockParam } from '@anthropic-ai/sdk/resources'
+import type { MessageCreateParams, TextBlockParam, Tool as AnthropicTool } from '@anthropic-ai/sdk/resources'
 import { loggerService } from '@logger'
-import type { Provider } from '@types'
+import { type Provider, SystemProviderIds } from '@types'
 import type { ModelMessage } from 'ai'
 
 const logger = loggerService.withContext('anthropic-sdk')
 
+/**
+ * Context for Anthropic SDK client creation.
+ * This allows the shared module to be used in different environments
+ * by providing environment-specific implementations.
+ */
+export interface AnthropicSdkContext {
+  /**
+   * Custom fetch function to use for HTTP requests.
+   * In Electron main process, this should be `net.fetch`.
+   * In other environments, can use the default fetch or a custom implementation.
+   */
+  fetch?: typeof globalThis.fetch
+}
+
 const defaultClaudeCodeSystemPrompt = `You are Claude Code, Anthropic's official CLI for Claude.`
 
 const defaultClaudeCodeSystem: Array<TextBlockParam> = [
@@ -58,8 +72,11 @@ const defaultClaudeCodeSystem: Array<TextBlockParam> = [
 export function getSdkClient(
   provider: Provider,
   oauthToken?: string | null,
-  extraHeaders?: Record<string, string | string[]>
+  extraHeaders?: Record<string, string | string[]>,
+  context?: AnthropicSdkContext
 ): Anthropic {
+  const customFetch = context?.fetch
+
   if (provider.authType === 'oauth') {
     if (!oauthToken) {
       throw new Error('OAuth token is not available')
@@ -85,7 +102,8 @@ export function getSdkClient(
         'x-stainless-runtime': 'node',
         'x-stainless-runtime-version': 'v22.18.0',
         ...extraHeaders
-      }
+      },
+      fetch: customFetch
     })
   }
   let baseURL =
@@ -106,11 +124,12 @@ export function getSdkClient(
       baseURL,
       dangerouslyAllowBrowser: true,
       defaultHeaders: {
-        'anthropic-beta': 'output-128k-2025-02-19',
+        'anthropic-beta': 'interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14',
         'APP-Code': 'MLTG2087',
         ...provider.extra_headers,
         ...extraHeaders
-      }
+      },
+      fetch: customFetch
     })
   }
 
@@ -120,9 +139,11 @@ export function getSdkClient(
     baseURL,
     dangerouslyAllowBrowser: true,
     defaultHeaders: {
-      'anthropic-beta': 'output-128k-2025-02-19',
+      'anthropic-beta': 'interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14',
+      Authorization: provider.id === SystemProviderIds.longcat ? `Bearer ${provider.apiKey}` : undefined,
       ...provider.extra_headers
-    }
+    },
+    fetch: customFetch
   })
 }
 
@@ -173,3 +194,31 @@ export function buildClaudeCodeSystemModelMessage(system?: string | Array<TextBl
     content: block.text
   }))
 }
+
+/**
+ * Sanitize tool definitions for Anthropic API.
+ *
+ * Removes non-standard fields like `input_examples` from tool definitions
+ * that Anthropic's API doesn't support. This prevents validation errors when
+ * tools with extended fields are passed to the Anthropic SDK.
+ *
+ * @param tools - Array of tool definitions from MessageCreateParams
+ * @returns Sanitized tools array with non-standard fields removed
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * const sanitizedTools = sanitizeToolsForAnthropic(request.tools)
+ * ```
+ */
+export function sanitizeToolsForAnthropic(tools?: MessageCreateParams['tools']): MessageCreateParams['tools'] {
+  if (!tools || tools.length === 0) return tools
+
+  return tools.map((tool) => {
+    if ('type' in tool && tool.type !== 'custom') return tool
+
+    // oxlint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
+    const { input_examples, ...sanitizedTool } = tool as AnthropicTool & { input_examples?: unknown }
+
+    return sanitizedTool as typeof tool
+  })
+}

packages/shared/api/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+/**
+ * Shared API Utilities
+ *
+ * Common utilities for API URL formatting and validation.
+ * Used by both main process (API Server) and renderer.
+ */
+
+import type { MinimalProvider } from '@shared/provider'
+import { trim } from 'lodash'
+
+// Supported endpoints for routing
+export const SUPPORTED_IMAGE_ENDPOINT_LIST = ['images/generations', 'images/edits', 'predict'] as const
+export const SUPPORTED_ENDPOINT_LIST = [
+  'chat/completions',
+  'responses',
+  'messages',
+  'generateContent',
+  'streamGenerateContent',
+  ...SUPPORTED_IMAGE_ENDPOINT_LIST
+] as const
+
+/**
+ * Removes the trailing slash from a URL string if it exists.
+ */
+export function withoutTrailingSlash<T extends string>(url: T): T {
+  return url.replace(/\/$/, '') as T
+}
+
+/**
+ * Matches a version segment in a path that starts with `/v<number>` and optionally
+ * continues with `alpha` or `beta`. The segment may be followed by `/` or the end
+ * of the string (useful for cases like `/v3alpha/resources`).
+ */
+const VERSION_REGEX_PATTERN = '\\/v\\d+(?:alpha|beta)?(?=\\/|$)'
+
+/**
+ * Matches an API version at the end of a URL (with optional trailing slash).
+ * Used to detect and extract versions only from the trailing position.
+ */
+const TRAILING_VERSION_REGEX = /\/v\d+(?:alpha|beta)?\/?$/i
+
+/**
+ * 判断 host 的 path 中是否包含形如版本的字符串（例如 /v1、/v2beta 等），
+ *
+ * @param host - 要检查的 host 或 path 字符串
+ * @returns 如果 path 中包含版本字符串则返回 true，否则 false
+ */
+export function hasAPIVersion(host?: string): boolean {
+  if (!host) return false
+
+  const regex = new RegExp(VERSION_REGEX_PATTERN, 'i')
+
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(host)
+    return regex.test(url.pathname)
+  } catch {
+    // 若无法作为完整 URL 解析，则当作路径直接检测
+    return regex.test(host)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * 格式化 Azure OpenAI 的 API 主机地址。
+ */
+export function formatAzureOpenAIApiHost(host: string): string {
+  const normalizedHost = withoutTrailingSlash(host)
+    ?.replace(/\/v1$/, '')
+    .replace(/\/openai$/, '')
+  // NOTE: AISDK会添加上`v1`
+  return formatApiHost(normalizedHost + '/openai', false)
+}
+
+export function formatVertexApiHost(
+  provider: MinimalProvider,
+  project: string = 'test-project',
+  location: string = 'us-central1'
+): string {
+  const { apiHost } = provider
+  const trimmedHost = withoutTrailingSlash(trim(apiHost))
+  if (!trimmedHost || trimmedHost.endsWith('aiplatform.googleapis.com')) {
+    const host =
+      location === 'global' ? 'https://aiplatform.googleapis.com' : `https://${location}-aiplatform.googleapis.com`
+    return `${formatApiHost(host)}/projects/${project}/locations/${location}`
+  }
+  return formatApiHost(trimmedHost)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Formats an API host URL by normalizing it and optionally appending an API version.
+ *
+ * @param host - The API host URL to format. Leading/trailing whitespace will be trimmed and trailing slashes removed.
+ * @param supportApiVersion - Whether the API version is supported. Defaults to `true`.
+ * @param apiVersion - The API version to append if needed. Defaults to `'v1'`.
+ *
+ * @returns The formatted API host URL. If the host is empty after normalization, returns an empty string.
+ *          If the host ends with '#', API version is not supported, or the host already contains a version, returns the normalized host as-is.
+ *          Otherwise, returns the host with the API version appended.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * formatApiHost('https://api.example.com/') // Returns 'https://api.example.com/v1'
+ * formatApiHost('https://api.example.com#') // Returns 'https://api.example.com#'
+ * formatApiHost('https://api.example.com/v2', true, 'v1') // Returns 'https://api.example.com/v2'
+ */
+export function formatApiHost(host?: string, supportApiVersion: boolean = true, apiVersion: string = 'v1'): string {
+  const normalizedHost = withoutTrailingSlash(trim(host))
+  if (!normalizedHost) {
+    return ''
+  }
+
+  if (normalizedHost.endsWith('#') || !supportApiVersion || hasAPIVersion(normalizedHost)) {
+    return normalizedHost
+  }
+  return `${normalizedHost}/${apiVersion}`
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts an API host URL into separate base URL and endpoint components.
+ *
+ * This function extracts endpoint information from a composite API host string.
+ * If the host ends with '#', it attempts to match the preceding part against the supported endpoint list.
+ *
+ * @param apiHost - The API host string to parse
+ * @returns An object containing:
+ *   - `baseURL`: The base URL without the endpoint suffix
+ *   - `endpoint`: The matched endpoint identifier, or empty string if no match found
+ *
+ * @example
+ * routeToEndpoint('https://api.example.com/openai/chat/completions#')
+ * // Returns: { baseURL: 'https://api.example.com/v1', endpoint: 'chat/completions' }
+ *
+ * @example
+ * routeToEndpoint('https://api.example.com/v1')
+ * // Returns: { baseURL: 'https://api.example.com/v1', endpoint: '' }
+ */
+export function routeToEndpoint(apiHost: string): { baseURL: string; endpoint: string } {
+  const trimmedHost = (apiHost || '').trim()
+  if (!trimmedHost.endsWith('#')) {
+    return { baseURL: trimmedHost, endpoint: '' }
+  }
+  // Remove trailing #
+  const host = trimmedHost.slice(0, -1)
+  const endpointMatch = SUPPORTED_ENDPOINT_LIST.find((endpoint) => host.endsWith(endpoint))
+  if (!endpointMatch) {
+    const baseURL = withoutTrailingSlash(host)
+    return { baseURL, endpoint: '' }
+  }
+  const baseSegment = host.slice(0, host.length - endpointMatch.length)
+  const baseURL = withoutTrailingSlash(baseSegment).replace(/:$/, '') // Remove trailing colon (gemini special case)
+  return { baseURL, endpoint: endpointMatch }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gets the AI SDK compatible base URL from a provider's apiHost.
+ *
+ * AI SDK expects baseURL WITH version suffix (e.g., /v1).
+ * This function:
+ * 1. Handles '#' endpoint routing format
+ * 2. Ensures the URL has a version suffix (adds /v1 if missing)
+ *
+ * @param apiHost - The provider's apiHost value (may or may not have /v1)
+ * @param apiVersion - The API version to use if missing. Defaults to 'v1'.
+ * @returns The baseURL suitable for AI SDK (with version suffix)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * getAiSdkBaseUrl('https://api.openai.com') // 'https://api.openai.com/v1'
+ * getAiSdkBaseUrl('https://api.openai.com/v1') // 'https://api.openai.com/v1'
+ * getAiSdkBaseUrl('https://api.example.com/chat/completions#') // 'https://api.example.com'
+ */
+export function getAiSdkBaseUrl(apiHost: string, apiVersion: string = 'v1'): string {
+  // First handle '#' endpoint routing format
+  const { baseURL } = routeToEndpoint(apiHost)
+
+  // If already has version, return as-is
+  if (hasAPIVersion(baseURL)) {
+    return withoutTrailingSlash(baseURL)
+  }
+
+  // Add version suffix
+  return `${withoutTrailingSlash(baseURL)}/${apiVersion}`
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates an API host address.
+ *
+ * @param apiHost - The API host address to validate
+ * @returns true if valid URL with http/https protocol, false otherwise
+ */
+export function validateApiHost(apiHost: string): boolean {
+  if (!apiHost || !apiHost.trim()) {
+    return true // Allow empty
+  }
+  try {
+    const url = new URL(apiHost.trim())
+    return url.protocol === 'http:' || url.protocol === 'https:'
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extracts the trailing API version segment from a URL path.
+ *
+ * This function extracts API version patterns (e.g., `v1`, `v2beta`) from the end of a URL.
+ * Only versions at the end of the path are extracted, not versions in the middle.
+ * The returned version string does not include leading or trailing slashes.
+ *
+ * @param {string} url - The URL string to parse.
+ * @returns {string | undefined} The trailing API version found (e.g., 'v1', 'v2beta'), or undefined if none found.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * getTrailingApiVersion('https://api.example.com/v1') // 'v1'
+ * getTrailingApiVersion('https://api.example.com/v2beta/') // 'v2beta'
+ * getTrailingApiVersion('https://api.example.com/v1/chat') // undefined (version not at end)
+ * getTrailingApiVersion('https://gateway.ai.cloudflare.com/v1/xxx/v1beta') // 'v1beta'
+ * getTrailingApiVersion('https://api.example.com') // undefined
+ */
+export function getTrailingApiVersion(url: string): string | undefined {
+  const match = url.match(TRAILING_VERSION_REGEX)
+
+  if (match) {
+    // Extract version without leading slash and trailing slash
+    return match[0].replace(/^\//, '').replace(/\/$/, '')
+  }
+
+  return undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * Removes the trailing API version segment from a URL path.
+ *
+ * This function removes API version patterns (e.g., `/v1`, `/v2beta`) from the end of a URL.
+ * Only versions at the end of the path are removed, not versions in the middle.
+ *
+ * @param {string} url - The URL string to process.
+ * @returns {string} The URL with the trailing API version removed, or the original URL if no trailing version found.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * withoutTrailingApiVersion('https://api.example.com/v1') // 'https://api.example.com'
+ * withoutTrailingApiVersion('https://api.example.com/v2beta/') // 'https://api.example.com'
+ * withoutTrailingApiVersion('https://api.example.com/v1/chat') // 'https://api.example.com/v1/chat' (no change)
+ * withoutTrailingApiVersion('https://api.example.com') // 'https://api.example.com'
+ */
+export function withoutTrailingApiVersion(url: string): string {
+  return url.replace(TRAILING_VERSION_REGEX, '')
+}

packages/shared/config/providers.ts

@@ -43,6 +43,35 @@ export function isSiliconAnthropicCompatibleModel(modelId: string): boolean {
 }
 
 /**
- * Silicon provider's Anthropic API host URL.
+ * PPIO provider models that support Anthropic API endpoint.
+ * These models can be used with Claude Code via the Anthropic-compatible API.
+ *
+ * @see https://ppio.com/docs/model/llm-anthropic-compatibility
  */
-export const SILICON_ANTHROPIC_API_HOST = 'https://api.siliconflow.cn'
+export const PPIO_ANTHROPIC_COMPATIBLE_MODELS: readonly string[] = [
+  'moonshotai/kimi-k2-thinking',
+  'minimax/minimax-m2',
+  'deepseek/deepseek-v3.2-exp',
+  'deepseek/deepseek-v3.1-terminus',
+  'zai-org/glm-4.6',
+  'moonshotai/kimi-k2-0905',
+  'deepseek/deepseek-v3.1',
+  'moonshotai/kimi-k2-instruct',
+  'qwen/qwen3-next-80b-a3b-instruct',
+  'qwen/qwen3-next-80b-a3b-thinking'
+]
+
+/**
+ * Creates a Set for efficient lookup of PPIO Anthropic-compatible model IDs.
+ */
+const PPIO_ANTHROPIC_COMPATIBLE_MODEL_SET = new Set(PPIO_ANTHROPIC_COMPATIBLE_MODELS)
+
+/**
+ * Checks if a model ID is compatible with Anthropic API on PPIO provider.
+ *
+ * @param modelId - The model ID to check
+ * @returns true if the model supports Anthropic API endpoint
+ */
+export function isPpioAnthropicCompatibleModel(modelId: string): boolean {
+  return PPIO_ANTHROPIC_COMPATIBLE_MODEL_SET.has(modelId)
+}

packages/shared/middleware/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/**
+ * Shared AI SDK Middlewares
+ *
+ * Environment-agnostic middlewares that can be used in both
+ * renderer process and main process (API server).
+ */
+
+export {
+  buildSharedMiddlewares,
+  getReasoningTagName,
+  isGemini3ModelId,
+  openrouterReasoningMiddleware,
+  type SharedMiddlewareConfig,
+  skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware
+} from './middlewares'

packages/shared/middleware/middlewares.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+/**
+ * Shared AI SDK Middlewares
+ *
+ * These middlewares are environment-agnostic and can be used in both
+ * renderer process and main process (API server).
+ */
+import type { LanguageModelV2Middleware, LanguageModelV2StreamPart } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
+import { extractReasoningMiddleware } from 'ai'
+
+/**
+ * Configuration for building shared middlewares
+ */
+export interface SharedMiddlewareConfig {
+  /**
+   * Whether to enable reasoning extraction
+   */
+  enableReasoning?: boolean
+
+  /**
+   * Tag name for reasoning extraction
+   * Defaults based on model ID
+   */
+  reasoningTagName?: string
+
+  /**
+   * Model ID - used to determine default reasoning tag and model detection
+   */
+  modelId?: string
+
+  /**
+   * Provider ID (Cherry Studio provider ID)
+   * Used for provider-specific middlewares like OpenRouter
+   */
+  providerId?: string
+
+  /**
+   * AI SDK Provider ID
+   * Used for Gemini thought signature middleware
+   * e.g., 'google', 'google-vertex'
+   */
+  aiSdkProviderId?: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if model ID represents a Gemini 3 (2.5) model
+ * that requires thought signature handling
+ *
+ * @param modelId - The model ID string (not Model object)
+ */
+export function isGemini3ModelId(modelId?: string): boolean {
+  if (!modelId) return false
+  const lowerModelId = modelId.toLowerCase()
+  return lowerModelId.includes('gemini-3')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get the default reasoning tag name based on model ID
+ *
+ * Different models use different tags for reasoning content:
+ * - Most models: 'think'
+ * - GPT-OSS models: 'reasoning'
+ * - Gemini models: 'thought'
+ * - Seed models: 'seed:think'
+ */
+export function getReasoningTagName(modelId?: string): string {
+  if (!modelId) return 'think'
+  const lowerModelId = modelId.toLowerCase()
+  if (lowerModelId.includes('gpt-oss')) return 'reasoning'
+  if (lowerModelId.includes('gemini')) return 'thought'
+  if (lowerModelId.includes('seed-oss-36b')) return 'seed:think'
+  return 'think'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Skip Gemini Thought Signature Middleware
+ *
+ * Due to the complexity of multi-model client requests (which can switch
+ * to other models mid-process), this middleware skips all Gemini 3
+ * thinking signatures validation.
+ *
+ * @param aiSdkId - AI SDK Provider ID (e.g., 'google', 'google-vertex')
+ * @returns LanguageModelV2Middleware
+ */
+export function skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware(aiSdkId: string): LanguageModelV2Middleware {
+  const MAGIC_STRING = 'skip_thought_signature_validator'
+  return {
+    middlewareVersion: 'v2',
+
+    transformParams: async ({ params }) => {
+      const transformedParams = { ...params }
+      // Process messages in prompt
+      if (transformedParams.prompt && Array.isArray(transformedParams.prompt)) {
+        transformedParams.prompt = transformedParams.prompt.map((message) => {
+          if (typeof message.content !== 'string') {
+            for (const part of message.content) {
+              const googleOptions = part?.providerOptions?.[aiSdkId]
+              if (googleOptions?.thoughtSignature) {
+                googleOptions.thoughtSignature = MAGIC_STRING
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          return message
+        })
+      }
+
+      return transformedParams
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * OpenRouter Reasoning Middleware
+ *
+ * Filters out [REDACTED] blocks from OpenRouter reasoning responses.
+ * OpenRouter may include [REDACTED] markers in reasoning content that
+ * should be removed for cleaner output.
+ *
+ * @see https://openrouter.ai/docs/docs/best-practices/reasoning-tokens
+ * @returns LanguageModelV2Middleware
+ */
+export function openrouterReasoningMiddleware(): LanguageModelV2Middleware {
+  const REDACTED_BLOCK = '[REDACTED]'
+  return {
+    middlewareVersion: 'v2',
+    wrapGenerate: async ({ doGenerate }) => {
+      const { content, ...rest } = await doGenerate()
+      const modifiedContent = content.map((part) => {
+        if (part.type === 'reasoning' && part.text.includes(REDACTED_BLOCK)) {
+          return {
+            ...part,
+            text: part.text.replace(REDACTED_BLOCK, '')
+          }
+        }
+        return part
+      })
+      return { content: modifiedContent, ...rest }
+    },
+    wrapStream: async ({ doStream }) => {
+      const { stream, ...rest } = await doStream()
+      return {
+        stream: stream.pipeThrough(
+          new TransformStream<LanguageModelV2StreamPart, LanguageModelV2StreamPart>({
+            transform(
+              chunk: LanguageModelV2StreamPart,
+              controller: TransformStreamDefaultController<LanguageModelV2StreamPart>
+            ) {
+              if (chunk.type === 'reasoning-delta' && chunk.delta.includes(REDACTED_BLOCK)) {
+                controller.enqueue({
+                  ...chunk,
+                  delta: chunk.delta.replace(REDACTED_BLOCK, '')
+                })
+              } else {
+                controller.enqueue(chunk)
+              }
+            }
+          })
+        ),
+        ...rest
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build shared middlewares based on configuration
+ *
+ * This function builds a set of middlewares that are commonly needed
+ * across different environments (renderer, API server).
+ *
+ * @param config - Configuration for middleware building
+ * @returns Array of AI SDK middlewares
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * import { buildSharedMiddlewares } from '@shared/middleware'
+ *
+ * const middlewares = buildSharedMiddlewares({
+ *   enableReasoning: true,
+ *   modelId: 'gemini-2.5-pro',
+ *   providerId: 'openrouter',
+ *   aiSdkProviderId: 'google'
+ * })
+ * ```
+ */
+export function buildSharedMiddlewares(config: SharedMiddlewareConfig): LanguageModelV2Middleware[] {
+  const middlewares: LanguageModelV2Middleware[] = []
+
+  // 1. Reasoning extraction middleware
+  if (config.enableReasoning) {
+    const tagName = config.reasoningTagName || getReasoningTagName(config.modelId)
+    middlewares.push(extractReasoningMiddleware({ tagName }))
+  }
+
+  // 2. OpenRouter-specific: filter [REDACTED] blocks
+  if (config.providerId === 'openrouter' && config.enableReasoning) {
+    middlewares.push(openrouterReasoningMiddleware())
+  }
+
+  // 3. Gemini 3 (2.5) specific: skip thought signature validation
+  if (isGemini3ModelId(config.modelId) && config.aiSdkProviderId) {
+    middlewares.push(skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware(config.aiSdkProviderId))
+  }
+
+  return middlewares
+}

packages/shared/provider/config/aihubmix.ts

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 /**
  * AiHubMix规则集
  */
-import { isOpenAILLMModel } from '@renderer/config/models'
-import type { Provider } from '@renderer/types'
+import { getLowerBaseModelName } from '@shared/utils/naming'
 
+import type { MinimalModel, MinimalProvider } from '../types'
 import { provider2Provider, startsWith } from './helper'
 import type { RuleSet } from './types'
 
-const extraProviderConfig = (provider: Provider) => {
+const extraProviderConfig = <P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P) => {
   return {
     ...provider,
     extra_headers: {
@@ -17,11 +17,23 @@ const extraProviderConfig = (provider: Provider) => {
   }
 }
 
+function isOpenAILLMModel<M extends MinimalModel>(model: M): boolean {
+  const modelId = getLowerBaseModelName(model.id)
+  const reasonings = ['o1', 'o3', 'o4', 'gpt-oss']
+  if (reasonings.some((r) => modelId.includes(r))) {
+    return true
+  }
+  if (modelId.includes('gpt')) {
+    return true
+  }
+  return false
+}
+
 const AIHUBMIX_RULES: RuleSet = {
   rules: [
     {
       match: startsWith('claude'),
-      provider: (provider: Provider) => {
+      provider: (provider) => {
         return extraProviderConfig({
           ...provider,
           type: 'anthropic'
@@ -34,7 +46,7 @@ const AIHUBMIX_RULES: RuleSet = {
         !model.id.endsWith('-nothink') &&
         !model.id.endsWith('-search') &&
         !model.id.includes('embedding'),
-      provider: (provider: Provider) => {
+      provider: (provider) => {
         return extraProviderConfig({
           ...provider,
           type: 'gemini',
@@ -44,7 +56,7 @@ const AIHUBMIX_RULES: RuleSet = {
     },
     {
       match: isOpenAILLMModel,
-      provider: (provider: Provider) => {
+      provider: (provider) => {
         return extraProviderConfig({
           ...provider,
           type: 'openai-response'
@@ -52,7 +64,8 @@ const AIHUBMIX_RULES: RuleSet = {
       }
     }
   ],
-  fallbackRule: (provider: Provider) => extraProviderConfig(provider)
+  fallbackRule: (provider) => extraProviderConfig(provider)
 }
 
-export const aihubmixProviderCreator = provider2Provider.bind(null, AIHUBMIX_RULES)
+export const aihubmixProviderCreator = <P extends MinimalProvider>(model: MinimalModel, provider: P): P =>
+  provider2Provider<MinimalModel, MinimalProvider, P>(AIHUBMIX_RULES, model, provider)

packages/shared/provider/config/azure-anthropic.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import type { MinimalModel, MinimalProvider, ProviderType } from '../types'
+import { provider2Provider, startsWith } from './helper'
+import type { RuleSet } from './types'
+
+// https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/claude-in-microsoft-foundry
+const AZURE_ANTHROPIC_RULES: RuleSet = {
+  rules: [
+    {
+      match: startsWith('claude'),
+      provider: (provider: MinimalProvider) => ({
+        ...provider,
+        type: 'anthropic' as ProviderType,
+        apiHost: provider.apiHost + 'anthropic/v1',
+        id: 'azure-anthropic'
+      })
+    }
+  ],
+  fallbackRule: (provider: MinimalProvider) => provider
+}
+
+export const azureAnthropicProviderCreator = <P extends MinimalProvider>(model: MinimalModel, provider: P): P =>
+  provider2Provider<MinimalModel, MinimalProvider, P>(AZURE_ANTHROPIC_RULES, model, provider)

packages/shared/provider/config/helper.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import type { MinimalModel, MinimalProvider } from '../types'
+import type { RuleSet } from './types'
+
+export const startsWith =
+  (prefix: string) =>
+  <M extends MinimalModel>(model: M) =>
+    model.id.toLowerCase().startsWith(prefix.toLowerCase())
+
+export const endpointIs =
+  (type: string) =>
+  <M extends MinimalModel>(model: M) =>
+    model.endpoint_type === type
+
+/**
+ * 解析模型对应的Provider
+ * @param ruleSet 规则集对象
+ * @param model 模型对象
+ * @param provider 原始provider对象
+ * @returns 解析出的provider对象
+ */
+export function provider2Provider<M extends MinimalModel, R extends MinimalProvider, P extends R = R>(
+  ruleSet: RuleSet<M, R>,
+  model: M,
+  provider: P
+): P {
+  for (const rule of ruleSet.rules) {
+    if (rule.match(model)) {
+      return rule.provider(provider) as P
+    }
+  }
+  return ruleSet.fallbackRule(provider) as P
+}

packages/shared/provider/config/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+export { aihubmixProviderCreator } from './aihubmix'
+export { azureAnthropicProviderCreator } from './azure-anthropic'
+export { endpointIs, provider2Provider, startsWith } from './helper'
+export { newApiResolverCreator } from './newApi'
+export type { RuleSet } from './types'
+export { vertexAnthropicProviderCreator } from './vertex-anthropic'

packages/shared/provider/config/newApi.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * NewAPI规则集
  */
-import type { Provider } from '@renderer/types'
-
+import type { MinimalModel, MinimalProvider, ProviderType } from '../types'
 import { endpointIs, provider2Provider } from './helper'
 import type { RuleSet } from './types'
 
@@ -10,42 +9,43 @@ const NEWAPI_RULES: RuleSet = {
   rules: [
     {
       match: endpointIs('anthropic'),
-      provider: (provider: Provider) => {
+      provider: (provider) => {
         return {
           ...provider,
-          type: 'anthropic'
+          type: 'anthropic' as ProviderType
         }
       }
     },
     {
       match: endpointIs('gemini'),
-      provider: (provider: Provider) => {
+      provider: (provider) => {
         return {
           ...provider,
-          type: 'gemini'
+          type: 'gemini' as ProviderType
         }
       }
     },
     {
       match: endpointIs('openai-response'),
-      provider: (provider: Provider) => {
+      provider: (provider) => {
         return {
           ...provider,
-          type: 'openai-response'
+          type: 'openai-response' as ProviderType
         }
       }
     },
     {
       match: (model) => endpointIs('openai')(model) || endpointIs('image-generation')(model),
-      provider: (provider: Provider) => {
+      provider: (provider) => {
         return {
           ...provider,
-          type: 'openai'
+          type: 'openai' as ProviderType
         }
       }
     }
   ],
-  fallbackRule: (provider: Provider) => provider
+  fallbackRule: (provider) => provider
 }
 
-export const newApiResolverCreator = provider2Provider.bind(null, NEWAPI_RULES)
+export const newApiResolverCreator = <P extends MinimalProvider>(model: MinimalModel, provider: P): P =>
+  provider2Provider<MinimalModel, MinimalProvider, P>(NEWAPI_RULES, model, provider)

packages/shared/provider/config/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import type { MinimalModel, MinimalProvider } from '../types'
+
+export interface RuleSet<M extends MinimalModel = MinimalModel, P extends MinimalProvider = MinimalProvider> {
+  rules: Array<{
+    match: (model: M) => boolean
+    provider: (provider: P) => P
+  }>
+  fallbackRule: (provider: P) => P
+}

packages/shared/provider/config/vertex-anthropic.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import type { MinimalModel, MinimalProvider } from '../types'
+import { provider2Provider, startsWith } from './helper'
+import type { RuleSet } from './types'
+
+const VERTEX_ANTHROPIC_RULES: RuleSet = {
+  rules: [
+    {
+      match: startsWith('claude'),
+      provider: (provider: MinimalProvider) => ({
+        ...provider,
+        id: 'google-vertex-anthropic'
+      })
+    }
+  ],
+  fallbackRule: (provider: MinimalProvider) => provider
+}
+
+export const vertexAnthropicProviderCreator = <P extends MinimalProvider>(model: MinimalModel, provider: P): P =>
+  provider2Provider<MinimalModel, MinimalProvider, P>(VERTEX_ANTHROPIC_RULES, model, provider)

packages/shared/provider/constant.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { getLowerBaseModelName } from '@shared/utils/naming'
+
+import type { MinimalModel } from './types'
+
+export const COPILOT_EDITOR_VERSION = 'vscode/1.104.1'
+export const COPILOT_PLUGIN_VERSION = 'copilot-chat/0.26.7'
+export const COPILOT_INTEGRATION_ID = 'vscode-chat'
+export const COPILOT_USER_AGENT = 'GitHubCopilotChat/0.26.7'
+
+export const COPILOT_DEFAULT_HEADERS = {
+  'Copilot-Integration-Id': COPILOT_INTEGRATION_ID,
+  'User-Agent': COPILOT_USER_AGENT,
+  'Editor-Version': COPILOT_EDITOR_VERSION,
+  'Editor-Plugin-Version': COPILOT_PLUGIN_VERSION,
+  'editor-version': COPILOT_EDITOR_VERSION,
+  'editor-plugin-version': COPILOT_PLUGIN_VERSION,
+  'copilot-vision-request': 'true'
+} as const
+
+// Models that require the OpenAI Responses endpoint when routed through GitHub Copilot (#10560)
+const COPILOT_RESPONSES_MODEL_IDS = ['gpt-5-codex', 'gpt-5.1-codex', 'gpt-5.1-codex-mini']
+
+export function isCopilotResponsesModel<M extends MinimalModel>(model: M): boolean {
+  const normalizedId = getLowerBaseModelName(model.id)
+  return COPILOT_RESPONSES_MODEL_IDS.some((target) => normalizedId === target)
+}

packages/shared/provider/detection.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/**
+ * Provider Type Detection Utilities
+ *
+ * Functions to detect provider types based on provider configuration.
+ * These are pure functions that only depend on provider.type and provider.id.
+ *
+ * NOTE: These functions should match the logic in @renderer/utils/provider.ts
+ */
+
+import type { MinimalProvider } from './types'
+
+/**
+ * Check if provider is Anthropic type
+ */
+export function isAnthropicProvider<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return provider.type === 'anthropic'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if provider is OpenAI Response type (openai-response)
+ * NOTE: This matches isOpenAIProvider in renderer/utils/provider.ts
+ */
+export function isOpenAIProvider<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return provider.type === 'openai-response'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if provider is Gemini type
+ */
+export function isGeminiProvider<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return provider.type === 'gemini'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if provider is Azure OpenAI type
+ */
+export function isAzureOpenAIProvider<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return provider.type === 'azure-openai'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if provider is Vertex AI type
+ */
+export function isVertexProvider<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return provider.type === 'vertexai'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if provider is AWS Bedrock type
+ */
+export function isAwsBedrockProvider<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return provider.type === 'aws-bedrock'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if provider is AI Gateway type
+ */
+export function isAIGatewayProvider<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return provider.type === 'ai-gateway'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if Azure OpenAI provider uses responses endpoint
+ * Matches isAzureResponsesEndpoint in renderer/utils/provider.ts
+ */
+export function isAzureResponsesEndpoint<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return provider.apiVersion === 'preview' || provider.apiVersion === 'v1'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if provider is Cherry AI type
+ * Matches isCherryAIProvider in renderer/utils/provider.ts
+ */
+export function isCherryAIProvider<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return provider.id === 'cherryai'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if provider is Perplexity type
+ * Matches isPerplexityProvider in renderer/utils/provider.ts
+ */
+export function isPerplexityProvider<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return provider.id === 'perplexity'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if provider is new-api type (supports multiple backends)
+ * Matches isNewApiProvider in renderer/utils/provider.ts
+ */
+export function isNewApiProvider<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return ['new-api', 'cherryin'].includes(provider.id) || provider.type === ('new-api' as string)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if provider is OpenAI compatible
+ * Matches isOpenAICompatibleProvider in renderer/utils/provider.ts
+ */
+export function isOpenAICompatibleProvider<P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean {
+  return ['openai', 'new-api', 'mistral'].includes(provider.type)
+}

packages/shared/provider/format.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+/**
+ * Provider API Host Formatting
+ *
+ * Utilities for formatting provider API hosts to work with AI SDK.
+ * These handle the differences between how Cherry Studio stores API hosts
+ * and how AI SDK expects them.
+ */
+
+import {
+  formatApiHost,
+  formatAzureOpenAIApiHost,
+  formatVertexApiHost,
+  routeToEndpoint,
+  withoutTrailingSlash
+} from '../api'
+import {
+  isAnthropicProvider,
+  isAzureOpenAIProvider,
+  isCherryAIProvider,
+  isGeminiProvider,
+  isPerplexityProvider,
+  isVertexProvider
+} from './detection'
+import type { MinimalProvider } from './types'
+import { SystemProviderIds } from './types'
+
+/**
+ * Interface for environment-specific implementations
+ * Renderer and Main process can provide their own implementations
+ */
+export interface ProviderFormatContext {
+  vertex: {
+    project: string
+    location: string
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Default Azure OpenAI API host formatter
+ */
+export function defaultFormatAzureOpenAIApiHost(host: string): string {
+  const normalizedHost = withoutTrailingSlash(host)
+    ?.replace(/\/v1$/, '')
+    .replace(/\/openai$/, '')
+  // AI SDK will add /v1
+  return formatApiHost(normalizedHost + '/openai', false)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Format provider API host for AI SDK
+ *
+ * This function normalizes the apiHost to work with AI SDK.
+ * Different providers have different requirements:
+ * - Most providers: add /v1 suffix
+ * - Gemini: add /v1beta suffix
+ * - Some providers: no suffix needed
+ *
+ * @param provider - The provider to format
+ * @param context - Optional context with environment-specific implementations
+ * @returns Provider with formatted apiHost (and anthropicApiHost if applicable)
+ */
+export function formatProviderApiHost<T extends MinimalProvider>(provider: T, context: ProviderFormatContext): T {
+  const formatted = { ...provider }
+
+  // Format anthropicApiHost if present
+  if (formatted.anthropicApiHost) {
+    formatted.anthropicApiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.anthropicApiHost)
+  }
+
+  // Format based on provider type
+  if (isAnthropicProvider(provider)) {
+    const baseHost = formatted.anthropicApiHost || formatted.apiHost
+    // AI SDK needs /v1 in baseURL
+    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(baseHost)
+    if (!formatted.anthropicApiHost) {
+      formatted.anthropicApiHost = formatted.apiHost
+    }
+  } else if (formatted.id === SystemProviderIds.copilot || formatted.id === SystemProviderIds.github) {
+    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.apiHost, false)
+  } else if (isGeminiProvider(formatted)) {
+    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.apiHost, true, 'v1beta')
+  } else if (isAzureOpenAIProvider(formatted)) {
+    formatted.apiHost = formatAzureOpenAIApiHost(formatted.apiHost)
+  } else if (isVertexProvider(formatted)) {
+    formatted.apiHost = formatVertexApiHost(formatted, context.vertex.project, context.vertex.location)
+  } else if (isCherryAIProvider(formatted)) {
+    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.apiHost, false)
+  } else if (isPerplexityProvider(formatted)) {
+    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.apiHost, false)
+  } else {
+    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.apiHost)
+  }
+
+  return formatted
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get the base URL for AI SDK from a formatted provider
+ *
+ * This extracts the baseURL that AI SDK expects, handling
+ * the '#' endpoint routing format if present.
+ *
+ * @param formattedApiHost - The formatted apiHost (after formatProviderApiHost)
+ * @returns The baseURL for AI SDK
+ */
+export function getBaseUrlForAiSdk(formattedApiHost: string): string {
+  const { baseURL } = routeToEndpoint(formattedApiHost)
+  return baseURL
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get rotated API key from comma-separated keys
+ *
+ * This is the interface for API key rotation. The actual implementation
+ * depends on the environment (renderer uses window.keyv, main uses its own storage).
+ */
+export interface ApiKeyRotator {
+  /**
+   * Get the next API key in rotation
+   * @param providerId - The provider ID for tracking rotation
+   * @param keys - Comma-separated API keys
+   * @returns The next API key to use
+   */
+  getRotatedKey(providerId: string, keys: string): string
+}
+
+/**
+ * Simple API key rotator that always returns the first key
+ * Use this when rotation is not needed
+ */
+export const simpleKeyRotator: ApiKeyRotator = {
+  getRotatedKey(_providerId: string, keys: string): string {
+    const keyList = keys.split(',').map((k) => k.trim())
+    return keyList[0] || keys
+  }
+}

packages/shared/provider/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/**
+ * Shared Provider Utilities
+ *
+ * This module exports utilities for working with AI providers
+ * that can be shared between main process and renderer process.
+ */
+
+// Type definitions
+export type { MinimalProvider, ProviderType, SystemProviderId } from './types'
+export { SystemProviderIds } from './types'
+
+// Provider type detection
+export {
+  isAIGatewayProvider,
+  isAnthropicProvider,
+  isAwsBedrockProvider,
+  isAzureOpenAIProvider,
+  isAzureResponsesEndpoint,
+  isCherryAIProvider,
+  isGeminiProvider,
+  isNewApiProvider,
+  isOpenAICompatibleProvider,
+  isOpenAIProvider,
+  isPerplexityProvider,
+  isVertexProvider
+} from './detection'
+
+// API host formatting
+export type { ApiKeyRotator, ProviderFormatContext } from './format'
+export {
+  defaultFormatAzureOpenAIApiHost,
+  formatProviderApiHost,
+  getBaseUrlForAiSdk,
+  simpleKeyRotator
+} from './format'
+
+// Provider ID mapping
+export { getAiSdkProviderId, STATIC_PROVIDER_MAPPING, tryResolveProviderId } from './mapping'
+
+// AI SDK configuration
+export type { AiSdkConfig, AiSdkConfigContext } from './sdk-config'
+export { providerToAiSdkConfig } from './sdk-config'
+
+// Provider resolution
+export { resolveActualProvider } from './resolve'
+
+// Provider initialization
+export { initializeSharedProviders, SHARED_PROVIDER_CONFIGS } from './initialization'

packages/shared/provider/initialization.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import { type ProviderConfig, registerMultipleProviderConfigs } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/provider'
+
+type ProviderInitializationLogger = {
+  warn?: (message: string) => void
+  error?: (message: string, error: Error) => void
+}
+
+export const SHARED_PROVIDER_CONFIGS: ProviderConfig[] = [
+  {
+    id: 'openrouter',
+    name: 'OpenRouter',
+    import: () => import('@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider'),
+    creatorFunctionName: 'createOpenRouter',
+    supportsImageGeneration: true,
+    aliases: ['openrouter']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'google-vertex',
+    name: 'Google Vertex AI',
+    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/google-vertex/edge'),
+    creatorFunctionName: 'createVertex',
+    supportsImageGeneration: true,
+    aliases: ['vertexai']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'google-vertex-anthropic',
+    name: 'Google Vertex AI Anthropic',
+    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/google-vertex/anthropic/edge'),
+    creatorFunctionName: 'createVertexAnthropic',
+    supportsImageGeneration: true,
+    aliases: ['vertexai-anthropic']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'azure-anthropic',
+    name: 'Azure AI Anthropic',
+    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/anthropic'),
+    creatorFunctionName: 'createAnthropic',
+    supportsImageGeneration: false,
+    aliases: ['azure-anthropic']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'github-copilot-openai-compatible',
+    name: 'GitHub Copilot OpenAI Compatible',
+    import: () => import('@opeoginni/github-copilot-openai-compatible'),
+    creatorFunctionName: 'createGitHubCopilotOpenAICompatible',
+    supportsImageGeneration: false,
+    aliases: ['copilot', 'github-copilot']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'bedrock',
+    name: 'Amazon Bedrock',
+    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock'),
+    creatorFunctionName: 'createAmazonBedrock',
+    supportsImageGeneration: true,
+    aliases: ['aws-bedrock']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'perplexity',
+    name: 'Perplexity',
+    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/perplexity'),
+    creatorFunctionName: 'createPerplexity',
+    supportsImageGeneration: false,
+    aliases: ['perplexity']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'mistral',
+    name: 'Mistral',
+    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/mistral'),
+    creatorFunctionName: 'createMistral',
+    supportsImageGeneration: false,
+    aliases: ['mistral']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'huggingface',
+    name: 'HuggingFace',
+    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/huggingface'),
+    creatorFunctionName: 'createHuggingFace',
+    supportsImageGeneration: true,
+    aliases: ['hf', 'hugging-face']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'ai-gateway',
+    name: 'AI Gateway',
+    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/gateway'),
+    creatorFunctionName: 'createGateway',
+    supportsImageGeneration: true,
+    aliases: ['gateway']
+  },
+  {
+    id: 'cerebras',
+    name: 'Cerebras',
+    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/cerebras'),
+    creatorFunctionName: 'createCerebras',
+    supportsImageGeneration: false
+  }
+] as const
+
+export function initializeSharedProviders(logger?: ProviderInitializationLogger): void {
+  try {
+    const successCount = registerMultipleProviderConfigs(SHARED_PROVIDER_CONFIGS)
+    if (successCount < SHARED_PROVIDER_CONFIGS.length) {
+      logger?.warn?.('Some providers failed to register. Check previous error logs.')
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    logger?.error?.('Failed to initialize shared providers', error as Error)
+  }
+}

packages/shared/provider/mapping.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/**
+ * Provider ID Mapping
+ *
+ * Maps Cherry Studio provider IDs/types to AI SDK provider IDs.
+ * This logic should match @renderer/aiCore/provider/factory.ts
+ */
+
+import { hasProviderConfigByAlias, type ProviderId, resolveProviderConfigId } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/provider'
+
+import { isAzureOpenAIProvider, isAzureResponsesEndpoint } from './detection'
+import type { MinimalProvider } from './types'
+
+/**
+ * Static mapping from Cherry Studio provider ID/type to AI SDK provider ID
+ * Matches STATIC_PROVIDER_MAPPING in @renderer/aiCore/provider/factory.ts
+ */
+export const STATIC_PROVIDER_MAPPING: Record<string, ProviderId> = {
+  gemini: 'google', // Google Gemini -> google
+  'azure-openai': 'azure', // Azure OpenAI -> azure
+  'openai-response': 'openai', // OpenAI Responses -> openai
+  grok: 'xai', // Grok -> xai
+  copilot: 'github-copilot-openai-compatible'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Try to resolve a provider identifier to an AI SDK provider ID
+ * Matches tryResolveProviderId in @renderer/aiCore/provider/factory.ts
+ *
+ * @param identifier - The provider ID or type to resolve
+ * @param checker - Provider config checker (defaults to static mapping only)
+ * @returns The resolved AI SDK provider ID, or null if not found
+ */
+export function tryResolveProviderId(identifier: string): ProviderId | null {
+  // 1. 检查静态映射
+  const staticMapping = STATIC_PROVIDER_MAPPING[identifier]
+  if (staticMapping) {
+    return staticMapping
+  }
+
+  // 2. 检查AiCore是否支持（包括别名支持）
+  if (hasProviderConfigByAlias(identifier)) {
+    // 解析为真实的Provider ID
+    return resolveProviderConfigId(identifier) as ProviderId
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get the AI SDK Provider ID for a Cherry Studio provider
+ * Matches getAiSdkProviderId in @renderer/aiCore/provider/factory.ts
+ *
+ * Logic:
+ * 1. Handle Azure OpenAI specially (check responses endpoint)
+ * 2. Try to resolve from provider.id
+ * 3. Try to resolve from provider.type (but not for generic 'openai' type)
+ * 4. Check for OpenAI API host pattern
+ * 5. Fallback to provider's own ID
+ *
+ * @param provider - The Cherry Studio provider
+ * @param checker - Provider config checker (defaults to static mapping only)
+ * @returns The AI SDK provider ID to use
+ */
+export function getAiSdkProviderId(provider: MinimalProvider): ProviderId {
+  // 1. Handle Azure OpenAI specially - check this FIRST before other resolution
+  if (isAzureOpenAIProvider(provider)) {
+    if (isAzureResponsesEndpoint(provider)) {
+      return 'azure-responses'
+    }
+    return 'azure'
+  }
+
+  // 2. 尝试解析provider.id
+  const resolvedFromId = tryResolveProviderId(provider.id)
+  if (resolvedFromId) {
+    return resolvedFromId
+  }
+
+  // 3. 尝试解析provider.type
+  // 会把所有类型为openai的自定义provider解析到aisdk的openaiProvider上
+  if (provider.type !== 'openai') {
+    const resolvedFromType = tryResolveProviderId(provider.type)
+    if (resolvedFromType) {
+      return resolvedFromType
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 4. Check for OpenAI API host pattern
+  if (provider.apiHost.includes('api.openai.com')) {
+    return 'openai-chat'
+  }
+
+  // 5. 最后的fallback（使用provider本身的id）
+  return provider.id
+}

packages/shared/provider/resolve.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { aihubmixProviderCreator, newApiResolverCreator, vertexAnthropicProviderCreator } from './config'
+import { azureAnthropicProviderCreator } from './config/azure-anthropic'
+import { isAzureOpenAIProvider, isNewApiProvider } from './detection'
+import type { MinimalModel, MinimalProvider } from './types'
+
+export interface ResolveActualProviderOptions<P extends MinimalProvider> {
+  isSystemProvider?: (provider: P) => boolean
+}
+
+const defaultIsSystemProvider = <P extends MinimalProvider>(provider: P): boolean => {
+  if ('isSystem' in provider) {
+    return Boolean((provider as unknown as { isSystem?: boolean }).isSystem)
+  }
+  return false
+}
+
+export function resolveActualProvider<M extends MinimalModel, P extends MinimalProvider>(
+  provider: P,
+  model: M,
+  options: ResolveActualProviderOptions<P> = {}
+): P {
+  let resolvedProvider = provider
+
+  if (isNewApiProvider(resolvedProvider)) {
+    resolvedProvider = newApiResolverCreator(model, resolvedProvider)
+  }
+
+  const isSystemProvider = options.isSystemProvider?.(resolvedProvider) ?? defaultIsSystemProvider(resolvedProvider)
+
+  if (isSystemProvider && resolvedProvider.id === 'aihubmix') {
+    resolvedProvider = aihubmixProviderCreator(model, resolvedProvider)
+  }
+
+  if (isSystemProvider && resolvedProvider.id === 'vertexai') {
+    resolvedProvider = vertexAnthropicProviderCreator(model, resolvedProvider)
+  }
+
+  if (isAzureOpenAIProvider(resolvedProvider)) {
+    resolvedProvider = azureAnthropicProviderCreator(model, resolvedProvider)
+  }
+
+  return resolvedProvider
+}

packages/shared/provider/sdk-config.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+/**
+ * AI SDK Configuration
+ *
+ * Shared utilities for converting Cherry Studio Provider to AI SDK configuration.
+ * Environment-specific logic (renderer/main) is injected via context interfaces.
+ */
+
+import { formatPrivateKey, hasProviderConfig, ProviderConfigFactory } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/provider'
+
+import { routeToEndpoint } from '../api'
+import { getAiSdkProviderId } from './mapping'
+import type { MinimalProvider } from './types'
+import { SystemProviderIds } from './types'
+
+/**
+ * AI SDK configuration result
+ */
+export interface AiSdkConfig {
+  providerId: string
+  options: Record<string, unknown>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Context for environment-specific implementations
+ */
+export interface AiSdkConfigContext {
+  /**
+   * Get the rotated API key (for multi-key support)
+   * Default: returns first key
+   */
+  getRotatedApiKey?: (provider: MinimalProvider) => string
+
+  /**
+   * Check if a model uses chat completion only (for OpenAI response mode)
+   * Default: returns false
+   */
+  isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel?: (modelId: string) => boolean
+
+  /**
+   * Get Copilot default headers (constants)
+   * Default: returns empty object
+   */
+  getCopilotDefaultHeaders?: () => Record<string, string>
+
+  /**
+   * Get Copilot stored headers from state
+   * Default: returns empty object
+   */
+  getCopilotStoredHeaders?: () => Record<string, string>
+
+  /**
+   * Get AWS Bedrock configuration
+   * Default: returns undefined (not configured)
+   */
+  getAwsBedrockConfig?: () =>
+    | {
+        authType: 'apiKey' | 'iam'
+        region: string
+        apiKey?: string
+        accessKeyId?: string
+        secretAccessKey?: string
+      }
+    | undefined
+
+  /**
+   * Get Vertex AI configuration
+   * Default: returns undefined (not configured)
+   */
+  getVertexConfig?: (provider: MinimalProvider) =>
+    | {
+        project: string
+        location: string
+        googleCredentials: {
+          privateKey: string
+          clientEmail: string
+        }
+      }
+    | undefined
+
+  /**
+   * Get endpoint type for cherryin provider
+   */
+  getEndpointType?: (modelId: string) => string | undefined
+
+  /**
+   * Custom fetch implementation
+   * Main process: use Electron net.fetch
+   * Renderer process: use browser fetch (default)
+   */
+  fetch?: typeof globalThis.fetch
+
+  /**
+   * Get CherryAI signed fetch wrapper
+   * Returns a fetch function that adds signature headers to requests
+   */
+  getCherryAISignedFetch?: () => typeof globalThis.fetch
+}
+
+/**
+ * Default simple key rotator - returns first key
+ */
+function defaultGetRotatedApiKey(provider: MinimalProvider): string {
+  const keys = provider.apiKey.split(',').map((k) => k.trim())
+  return keys[0] || provider.apiKey
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert Cherry Studio Provider to AI SDK configuration
+ *
+ * @param provider - The formatted provider (after formatProviderApiHost)
+ * @param modelId - The model ID to use
+ * @param context - Environment-specific implementations
+ * @returns AI SDK configuration
+ */
+export function providerToAiSdkConfig(
+  provider: MinimalProvider,
+  modelId: string,
+  context: AiSdkConfigContext = {}
+): AiSdkConfig {
+  const getRotatedApiKey = context.getRotatedApiKey || defaultGetRotatedApiKey
+  const isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel = context.isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel || (() => false)
+
+  const aiSdkProviderId = getAiSdkProviderId(provider)
+
+  // Build base config
+  const { baseURL, endpoint } = routeToEndpoint(provider.apiHost)
+  const baseConfig = {
+    baseURL,
+    apiKey: getRotatedApiKey(provider)
+  }
+
+  // Handle Copilot specially
+  if (provider.id === SystemProviderIds.copilot) {
+    const defaultHeaders = context.getCopilotDefaultHeaders?.() ?? {}
+    const storedHeaders = context.getCopilotStoredHeaders?.() ?? {}
+    const copilotExtraOptions: Record<string, unknown> = {
+      headers: {
+        ...defaultHeaders,
+        ...storedHeaders,
+        ...provider.extra_headers
+      },
+      name: provider.id,
+      includeUsage: true
+    }
+    if (context.fetch) {
+      copilotExtraOptions.fetch = context.fetch
+    }
+    const options = ProviderConfigFactory.fromProvider(
+      'github-copilot-openai-compatible',
+      baseConfig,
+      copilotExtraOptions
+    )
+
+    return {
+      providerId: 'github-copilot-openai-compatible',
+      options
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Build extra options
+  const extraOptions: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+  if (endpoint) {
+    extraOptions.endpoint = endpoint
+  }
+
+  // Handle OpenAI mode
+  if (provider.type === 'openai-response' && !isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(modelId)) {
+    extraOptions.mode = 'responses'
+  } else if (aiSdkProviderId === 'openai' || (aiSdkProviderId === 'cherryin' && provider.type === 'openai')) {
+    extraOptions.mode = 'chat'
+  }
+
+  // Add extra headers
+  if (provider.extra_headers) {
+    extraOptions.headers = provider.extra_headers
+    if (aiSdkProviderId === 'openai') {
+      extraOptions.headers = {
+        ...(extraOptions.headers as Record<string, string>),
+        'HTTP-Referer': 'https://cherry-ai.com',
+        'X-Title': 'Cherry Studio',
+        'X-Api-Key': baseConfig.apiKey
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Handle Azure modes
+  if (aiSdkProviderId === 'azure-responses') {
+    extraOptions.mode = 'responses'
+  } else if (aiSdkProviderId === 'azure') {
+    extraOptions.mode = 'chat'
+  }
+
+  // Handle AWS Bedrock
+  if (aiSdkProviderId === 'bedrock') {
+    const bedrockConfig = context.getAwsBedrockConfig?.()
+    if (bedrockConfig) {
+      extraOptions.region = bedrockConfig.region
+      if (bedrockConfig.authType === 'apiKey') {
+        extraOptions.apiKey = bedrockConfig.apiKey
+      } else {
+        extraOptions.accessKeyId = bedrockConfig.accessKeyId
+        extraOptions.secretAccessKey = bedrockConfig.secretAccessKey
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Handle Vertex AI
+  if (aiSdkProviderId === 'google-vertex' || aiSdkProviderId === 'google-vertex-anthropic') {
+    const vertexConfig = context.getVertexConfig?.(provider)
+    if (vertexConfig) {
+      extraOptions.project = vertexConfig.project
+      extraOptions.location = vertexConfig.location
+      extraOptions.googleCredentials = {
+        ...vertexConfig.googleCredentials,
+        privateKey: formatPrivateKey(vertexConfig.googleCredentials.privateKey)
+      }
+      baseConfig.baseURL += aiSdkProviderId === 'google-vertex' ? '/publishers/google' : '/publishers/anthropic/models'
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Handle cherryin endpoint type
+  if (aiSdkProviderId === 'cherryin') {
+    const endpointType = context.getEndpointType?.(modelId)
+    if (endpointType) {
+      extraOptions.endpointType = endpointType
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Handle cherryai signed fetch
+  if (provider.id === 'cherryai') {
+    const signedFetch = context.getCherryAISignedFetch?.()
+    if (signedFetch) {
+      extraOptions.fetch = signedFetch
+    }
+  } else if (context.fetch) {
+    extraOptions.fetch = context.fetch
+  }
+
+  // Check if AI SDK supports this provider natively
+  if (hasProviderConfig(aiSdkProviderId) && aiSdkProviderId !== 'openai-compatible') {
+    const options = ProviderConfigFactory.fromProvider(aiSdkProviderId, baseConfig, extraOptions)
+    return {
+      providerId: aiSdkProviderId,
+      options
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Fallback to openai-compatible
+  const options = ProviderConfigFactory.createOpenAICompatible(baseConfig.baseURL, baseConfig.apiKey)
+  return {
+    providerId: 'openai-compatible',
+    options: {
+      ...options,
+      name: provider.id,
+      ...extraOptions,
+      includeUsage: true
+    }
+  }
+}

packages/shared/provider/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import * as z from 'zod'
+
+export const ProviderTypeSchema = z.enum([
+  'openai',
+  'openai-response',
+  'anthropic',
+  'gemini',
+  'azure-openai',
+  'vertexai',
+  'mistral',
+  'aws-bedrock',
+  'vertex-anthropic',
+  'new-api',
+  'ai-gateway'
+])
+
+export type ProviderType = z.infer<typeof ProviderTypeSchema>
+
+/**
+ * Minimal provider interface for shared utilities
+ * This is the subset of Provider that shared code needs
+ */
+export type MinimalProvider = {
+  id: string
+  type: ProviderType
+  apiKey: string
+  apiHost: string
+  anthropicApiHost?: string
+  apiVersion?: string
+  extra_headers?: Record<string, string>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Minimal model interface for shared utilities
+ * This is the subset of Model that shared code needs
+ */
+export type MinimalModel = {
+  id: string
+  endpoint_type?: string
+}
+
+export const SystemProviderIdSchema = z.enum([
+  'cherryin',
+  'silicon',
+  'aihubmix',
+  'ocoolai',
+  'deepseek',
+  'ppio',
+  'alayanew',
+  'qiniu',
+  'dmxapi',
+  'burncloud',
+  'tokenflux',
+  '302ai',
+  'cephalon',
+  'lanyun',
+  'ph8',
+  'openrouter',
+  'ollama',
+  'ovms',
+  'new-api',
+  'lmstudio',
+  'anthropic',
+  'openai',
+  'azure-openai',
+  'gemini',
+  'vertexai',
+  'github',
+  'copilot',
+  'zhipu',
+  'yi',
+  'moonshot',
+  'baichuan',
+  'dashscope',
+  'stepfun',
+  'doubao',
+  'infini',
+  'minimax',
+  'groq',
+  'together',
+  'fireworks',
+  'nvidia',
+  'grok',
+  'hyperbolic',
+  'mistral',
+  'jina',
+  'perplexity',
+  'modelscope',
+  'xirang',
+  'hunyuan',
+  'tencent-cloud-ti',
+  'baidu-cloud',
+  'gpustack',
+  'voyageai',
+  'aws-bedrock',
+  'poe',
+  'aionly',
+  'longcat',
+  'huggingface',
+  'sophnet',
+  'ai-gateway',
+  'cerebras'
+])
+
+export type SystemProviderId = z.infer<typeof SystemProviderIdSchema>
+
+export const isSystemProviderId = (id: string): id is SystemProviderId => {
+  return SystemProviderIdSchema.safeParse(id).success
+}
+
+export const SystemProviderIds = {
+  cherryin: 'cherryin',
+  silicon: 'silicon',
+  aihubmix: 'aihubmix',
+  ocoolai: 'ocoolai',
+  deepseek: 'deepseek',
+  ppio: 'ppio',
+  alayanew: 'alayanew',
+  qiniu: 'qiniu',
+  dmxapi: 'dmxapi',
+  burncloud: 'burncloud',
+  tokenflux: 'tokenflux',
+  '302ai': '302ai',
+  cephalon: 'cephalon',
+  lanyun: 'lanyun',
+  ph8: 'ph8',
+  sophnet: 'sophnet',
+  openrouter: 'openrouter',
+  ollama: 'ollama',
+  ovms: 'ovms',
+  'new-api': 'new-api',
+  lmstudio: 'lmstudio',
+  anthropic: 'anthropic',
+  openai: 'openai',
+  'azure-openai': 'azure-openai',
+  gemini: 'gemini',
+  vertexai: 'vertexai',
+  github: 'github',
+  copilot: 'copilot',
+  zhipu: 'zhipu',
+  yi: 'yi',
+  moonshot: 'moonshot',
+  baichuan: 'baichuan',
+  dashscope: 'dashscope',
+  stepfun: 'stepfun',
+  doubao: 'doubao',
+  infini: 'infini',
+  minimax: 'minimax',
+  groq: 'groq',
+  together: 'together',
+  fireworks: 'fireworks',
+  nvidia: 'nvidia',
+  grok: 'grok',
+  hyperbolic: 'hyperbolic',
+  mistral: 'mistral',
+  jina: 'jina',
+  perplexity: 'perplexity',
+  modelscope: 'modelscope',
+  xirang: 'xirang',
+  hunyuan: 'hunyuan',
+  'tencent-cloud-ti': 'tencent-cloud-ti',
+  'baidu-cloud': 'baidu-cloud',
+  gpustack: 'gpustack',
+  voyageai: 'voyageai',
+  'aws-bedrock': 'aws-bedrock',
+  poe: 'poe',
+  aionly: 'aionly',
+  longcat: 'longcat',
+  huggingface: 'huggingface',
+  'ai-gateway': 'ai-gateway',
+  cerebras: 'cerebras'
+} as const satisfies Record<SystemProviderId, SystemProviderId>
+
+export type SystemProviderIdTypeMap = typeof SystemProviderIds

packages/shared/utils/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export { getBaseModelName, getLowerBaseModelName } from './naming'

packages/shared/utils/naming.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * 从模型 ID 中提取基础名称。
+ * 例如：
+ * - 'deepseek/deepseek-r1' => 'deepseek-r1'
+ * - 'deepseek-ai/deepseek/deepseek-r1' => 'deepseek-r1'
+ * @param {string} id 模型 ID
+ * @param {string} [delimiter='/'] 分隔符，默认为 '/'
+ * @returns {string} 基础名称
+ */
+export const getBaseModelName = (id: string, delimiter: string = '/'): string => {
+  const parts = id.split(delimiter)
+  return parts[parts.length - 1]
+}
+
+/**
+ * 从模型 ID 中提取基础名称并转换为小写。
+ * 例如：
+ * - 'deepseek/DeepSeek-R1' => 'deepseek-r1'
+ * - 'deepseek-ai/deepseek/DeepSeek-R1' => 'deepseek-r1'
+ * @param {string} id 模型 ID
+ * @param {string} [delimiter='/'] 分隔符，默认为 '/'
+ * @returns {string} 小写的基础名称
+ */
+export const getLowerBaseModelName = (id: string, delimiter: string = '/'): string => {
+  const baseModelName = getBaseModelName(id, delimiter).toLowerCase()
+  // for openrouter
+  if (baseModelName.endsWith(':free')) {
+    return baseModelName.replace(':free', '')
+  }
+  return baseModelName
+}

playwright.config.ts

@@ -1,42 +1,64 @@
-import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test'
+import { defineConfig } from '@playwright/test'
 
 /**
- * See https://playwright.dev/docs/test-configuration.
+ * Playwright configuration for Electron e2e testing.
+ * See https://playwright.dev/docs/test-configuration
  */
 export default defineConfig({
-  // Look for test files, relative to this configuration file.
-  testDir: './tests/e2e',
-  /* Run tests in files in parallel */
-  fullyParallel: true,
-  /* Fail the build on CI if you accidentally left test.only in the source code. */
-  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
-  /* Retry on CI only */
-  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
-  /* Opt out of parallel tests on CI. */
-  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
-  /* Reporter to use. See https://playwright.dev/docs/test-reporters */
-  reporter: 'html',
-  /* Shared settings for all the projects below. See https://playwright.dev/docs/api/class-testoptions. */
-  use: {
-    /* Base URL to use in actions like `await page.goto('/')`. */
-    // baseURL: 'http://localhost:3000',
+  // Look for test files in the specs directory
+  testDir: './tests/e2e/specs',
 
-    /* Collect trace when retrying the failed test. See https://playwright.dev/docs/trace-viewer */
-    trace: 'on-first-retry'
+  // Global timeout for each test
+  timeout: 60000,
+
+  // Assertion timeout
+  expect: {
+    timeout: 10000
   },
 
-  /* Configure projects for major browsers */
+  // Electron apps should run tests sequentially to avoid conflicts
+  fullyParallel: false,
+  workers: 1,
+
+  // Fail the build on CI if you accidentally left test.only in the source code
+  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
+
+  // Retry on CI only
+  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
+
+  // Reporter configuration
+  reporter: [['html', { outputFolder: 'playwright-report' }], ['list']],
+
+  // Global setup and teardown
+  globalSetup: './tests/e2e/global-setup.ts',
+  globalTeardown: './tests/e2e/global-teardown.ts',
+
+  // Output directory for test artifacts
+  outputDir: './test-results',
+
+  // Shared settings for all tests
+  use: {
+    // Collect trace when retrying the failed test
+    trace: 'retain-on-failure',
+
+    // Take screenshot only on failure
+    screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
+
+    // Record video only on failure
+    video: 'retain-on-failure',
+
+    // Action timeout
+    actionTimeout: 15000,
+
+    // Navigation timeout
+    navigationTimeout: 30000
+  },
+
+  // Single project for Electron testing
   projects: [
     {
-      name: 'chromium',
-      use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] }
+      name: 'electron',
+      testMatch: '**/*.spec.ts'
     }
   ]
-
-  /* Run your local dev server before starting the tests */
-  // webServer: {
-  //   command: 'npm run start',
-  //   url: 'http://localhost:3000',
-  //   reuseExistingServer: !process.env.CI,
-  // },
 })

src/main/apiServer/adapters/AiSdkToAnthropicSSE.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
+/**
+ * AI SDK to Anthropic SSE Adapter
+ *
+ * Converts AI SDK's fullStream (TextStreamPart) events to Anthropic Messages API SSE format.
+ * This enables any AI provider supported by AI SDK to be exposed via Anthropic-compatible API.
+ *
+ * Anthropic SSE Event Flow:
+ * 1. message_start - Initial message with metadata
+ * 2. content_block_start - Begin a content block (text, tool_use, thinking)
+ * 3. content_block_delta - Incremental content updates
+ * 4. content_block_stop - End a content block
+ * 5. message_delta - Updates to overall message (stop_reason, usage)
+ * 6. message_stop - Stream complete
+ *
+ * @see https://docs.anthropic.com/en/api/messages-streaming
+ */
+
+import type {
+  ContentBlock,
+  InputJSONDelta,
+  Message,
+  MessageDeltaUsage,
+  RawContentBlockDeltaEvent,
+  RawContentBlockStartEvent,
+  RawContentBlockStopEvent,
+  RawMessageDeltaEvent,
+  RawMessageStartEvent,
+  RawMessageStopEvent,
+  RawMessageStreamEvent,
+  StopReason,
+  TextBlock,
+  TextDelta,
+  ThinkingBlock,
+  ThinkingDelta,
+  ToolUseBlock,
+  Usage
+} from '@anthropic-ai/sdk/resources/messages'
+import { loggerService } from '@logger'
+import { type FinishReason, type LanguageModelUsage, type TextStreamPart, type ToolSet } from 'ai'
+
+import { googleReasoningCache, openRouterReasoningCache } from '../../services/CacheService'
+
+const logger = loggerService.withContext('AiSdkToAnthropicSSE')
+
+interface ContentBlockState {
+  type: 'text' | 'tool_use' | 'thinking'
+  index: number
+  started: boolean
+  content: string
+  // For tool_use blocks
+  toolId?: string
+  toolName?: string
+  toolInput?: string
+}
+
+interface AdapterState {
+  messageId: string
+  model: string
+  inputTokens: number
+  outputTokens: number
+  cacheInputTokens: number
+  currentBlockIndex: number
+  blocks: Map<number, ContentBlockState>
+  textBlockIndex: number | null
+  // Track multiple thinking blocks by their reasoning ID
+  thinkingBlocks: Map<string, number> // reasoningId -> blockIndex
+  currentThinkingId: string | null // Currently active thinking block ID
+  toolBlocks: Map<string, number> // toolCallId -> blockIndex
+  stopReason: StopReason | null
+  hasEmittedMessageStart: boolean
+}
+
+export type SSEEventCallback = (event: RawMessageStreamEvent) => void
+
+export interface AiSdkToAnthropicSSEOptions {
+  model: string
+  messageId?: string
+  inputTokens?: number
+  onEvent: SSEEventCallback
+}
+
+/**
+ * Adapter that converts AI SDK fullStream events to Anthropic SSE events
+ */
+export class AiSdkToAnthropicSSE {
+  private state: AdapterState
+  private onEvent: SSEEventCallback
+
+  constructor(options: AiSdkToAnthropicSSEOptions) {
+    this.onEvent = options.onEvent
+    this.state = {
+      messageId: options.messageId || `msg_${Date.now()}_${Math.random().toString(36).substring(2, 11)}`,
+      model: options.model,
+      inputTokens: options.inputTokens || 0,
+      outputTokens: 0,
+      cacheInputTokens: 0,
+      currentBlockIndex: 0,
+      blocks: new Map(),
+      textBlockIndex: null,
+      thinkingBlocks: new Map(),
+      currentThinkingId: null,
+      toolBlocks: new Map(),
+      stopReason: null,
+      hasEmittedMessageStart: false
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Process the AI SDK stream and emit Anthropic SSE events
+   */
+  async processStream(fullStream: ReadableStream<TextStreamPart<ToolSet>>): Promise<void> {
+    const reader = fullStream.getReader()
+
+    try {
+      // Emit message_start at the beginning
+      this.emitMessageStart()
+
+      while (true) {
+        const { done, value } = await reader.read()
+
+        if (done) {
+          break
+        }
+
+        this.processChunk(value)
+      }
+
+      // Ensure all blocks are closed and emit final events
+      this.finalize()
+    } catch (error) {
+      await reader.cancel()
+      throw error
+    } finally {
+      reader.releaseLock()
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Process a single AI SDK chunk and emit corresponding Anthropic events
+   */
+  private processChunk(chunk: TextStreamPart<ToolSet>): void {
+    logger.silly('AiSdkToAnthropicSSE - Processing chunk:', { chunk: JSON.stringify(chunk) })
+    switch (chunk.type) {
+      // === Text Events ===
+      case 'text-start':
+        this.startTextBlock()
+        break
+
+      case 'text-delta':
+        this.emitTextDelta(chunk.text || '')
+        break
+
+      case 'text-end':
+        this.stopTextBlock()
+        break
+
+      // === Reasoning/Thinking Events ===
+      case 'reasoning-start': {
+        const reasoningId = chunk.id
+        this.startThinkingBlock(reasoningId)
+        break
+      }
+
+      case 'reasoning-delta': {
+        const reasoningId = chunk.id
+        this.emitThinkingDelta(chunk.text || '', reasoningId)
+        break
+      }
+
+      case 'reasoning-end': {
+        const reasoningId = chunk.id
+        this.stopThinkingBlock(reasoningId)
+        break
+      }
+
+      // === Tool Events ===
+      case 'tool-call':
+        if (googleReasoningCache && chunk.providerMetadata?.google?.thoughtSignature) {
+          googleReasoningCache.set(
+            `google-${chunk.toolName}`,
+            chunk.providerMetadata?.google?.thoughtSignature as string
+          )
+        }
+        // FIXME: 按toolcall id绑定
+        if (
+          openRouterReasoningCache &&
+          chunk.providerMetadata?.openrouter?.reasoning_details &&
+          Array.isArray(chunk.providerMetadata.openrouter.reasoning_details)
+        ) {
+          openRouterReasoningCache.set(
+            'openrouter',
+            JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(chunk.providerMetadata.openrouter.reasoning_details))
+          )
+        }
+        this.handleToolCall({
+          type: 'tool-call',
+          toolCallId: chunk.toolCallId,
+          toolName: chunk.toolName,
+          args: chunk.input
+        })
+        break
+
+      case 'tool-result':
+        // this.handleToolResult({
+        //   type: 'tool-result',
+        //   toolCallId: chunk.toolCallId,
+        //   toolName: chunk.toolName,
+        //   args: chunk.input,
+        //   result: chunk.output
+        // })
+        break
+
+      case 'finish-step':
+        if (chunk.finishReason === 'tool-calls') {
+          this.state.stopReason = 'tool_use'
+        }
+        break
+
+      case 'finish':
+        this.handleFinish(chunk)
+        break
+
+      case 'error':
+        throw chunk.error
+
+      // Ignore other event types
+      default:
+        break
+    }
+  }
+
+  private emitMessageStart(): void {
+    if (this.state.hasEmittedMessageStart) return
+
+    this.state.hasEmittedMessageStart = true
+
+    const usage: Usage = {
+      input_tokens: this.state.inputTokens,
+      output_tokens: 0,
+      cache_creation_input_tokens: 0,
+      cache_read_input_tokens: 0,
+      server_tool_use: null
+    }
+
+    const message: Message = {
+      id: this.state.messageId,
+      type: 'message',
+      role: 'assistant',
+      content: [],
+      model: this.state.model,
+      stop_reason: null,
+      stop_sequence: null,
+      usage
+    }
+
+    const event: RawMessageStartEvent = {
+      type: 'message_start',
+      message
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(event)
+  }
+
+  private startTextBlock(): void {
+    // If we already have a text block, don't create another
+    if (this.state.textBlockIndex !== null) return
+
+    const index = this.state.currentBlockIndex++
+    this.state.textBlockIndex = index
+    this.state.blocks.set(index, {
+      type: 'text',
+      index,
+      started: true,
+      content: ''
+    })
+
+    const contentBlock: TextBlock = {
+      type: 'text',
+      text: '',
+      citations: null
+    }
+
+    const event: RawContentBlockStartEvent = {
+      type: 'content_block_start',
+      index,
+      content_block: contentBlock
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(event)
+  }
+
+  private emitTextDelta(text: string): void {
+    if (!text) return
+
+    // Auto-start text block if not started
+    if (this.state.textBlockIndex === null) {
+      this.startTextBlock()
+    }
+
+    const index = this.state.textBlockIndex!
+    const block = this.state.blocks.get(index)
+    if (block) {
+      block.content += text
+    }
+
+    const delta: TextDelta = {
+      type: 'text_delta',
+      text
+    }
+
+    const event: RawContentBlockDeltaEvent = {
+      type: 'content_block_delta',
+      index,
+      delta
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(event)
+  }
+
+  private stopTextBlock(): void {
+    if (this.state.textBlockIndex === null) return
+
+    const index = this.state.textBlockIndex
+
+    const event: RawContentBlockStopEvent = {
+      type: 'content_block_stop',
+      index
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(event)
+    this.state.textBlockIndex = null
+  }
+
+  private startThinkingBlock(reasoningId: string): void {
+    // Check if this thinking block already exists
+    if (this.state.thinkingBlocks.has(reasoningId)) return
+
+    const index = this.state.currentBlockIndex++
+    this.state.thinkingBlocks.set(reasoningId, index)
+    this.state.currentThinkingId = reasoningId
+    this.state.blocks.set(index, {
+      type: 'thinking',
+      index,
+      started: true,
+      content: ''
+    })
+
+    const contentBlock: ThinkingBlock = {
+      type: 'thinking',
+      thinking: '',
+      signature: ''
+    }
+
+    const event: RawContentBlockStartEvent = {
+      type: 'content_block_start',
+      index,
+      content_block: contentBlock
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(event)
+  }
+
+  private emitThinkingDelta(text: string, reasoningId?: string): void {
+    if (!text) return
+
+    // Determine which thinking block to use
+    const targetId = reasoningId || this.state.currentThinkingId
+    if (!targetId) {
+      // Auto-start thinking block if not started
+      const newId = `reasoning_${Date.now()}`
+      this.startThinkingBlock(newId)
+      return this.emitThinkingDelta(text, newId)
+    }
+
+    const index = this.state.thinkingBlocks.get(targetId)
+    if (index === undefined) {
+      // If the block doesn't exist, create it
+      this.startThinkingBlock(targetId)
+      return this.emitThinkingDelta(text, targetId)
+    }
+
+    const block = this.state.blocks.get(index)
+    if (block) {
+      block.content += text
+    }
+
+    const delta: ThinkingDelta = {
+      type: 'thinking_delta',
+      thinking: text
+    }
+
+    const event: RawContentBlockDeltaEvent = {
+      type: 'content_block_delta',
+      index,
+      delta
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(event)
+  }
+
+  private stopThinkingBlock(reasoningId?: string): void {
+    const targetId = reasoningId || this.state.currentThinkingId
+    if (!targetId) return
+
+    const index = this.state.thinkingBlocks.get(targetId)
+    if (index === undefined) return
+
+    const event: RawContentBlockStopEvent = {
+      type: 'content_block_stop',
+      index
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(event)
+    this.state.thinkingBlocks.delete(targetId)
+
+    // Update currentThinkingId if we just closed the current one
+    if (this.state.currentThinkingId === targetId) {
+      // Set to the most recent remaining thinking block, or null if none
+      const remaining = Array.from(this.state.thinkingBlocks.keys())
+      this.state.currentThinkingId = remaining.length > 0 ? remaining[remaining.length - 1] : null
+    }
+  }
+
+  private handleToolCall(chunk: { type: 'tool-call'; toolCallId: string; toolName: string; args: unknown }): void {
+    const { toolCallId, toolName, args } = chunk
+
+    // Check if we already have this tool call
+    if (this.state.toolBlocks.has(toolCallId)) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const index = this.state.currentBlockIndex++
+    this.state.toolBlocks.set(toolCallId, index)
+
+    const inputJson = JSON.stringify(args)
+
+    this.state.blocks.set(index, {
+      type: 'tool_use',
+      index,
+      started: true,
+      content: inputJson,
+      toolId: toolCallId,
+      toolName,
+      toolInput: inputJson
+    })
+
+    // Emit content_block_start for tool_use
+    const contentBlock: ToolUseBlock = {
+      type: 'tool_use',
+      id: toolCallId,
+      name: toolName,
+      input: {}
+    }
+
+    const startEvent: RawContentBlockStartEvent = {
+      type: 'content_block_start',
+      index,
+      content_block: contentBlock
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(startEvent)
+
+    // Emit the full input as a delta (Anthropic streams JSON incrementally)
+    const delta: InputJSONDelta = {
+      type: 'input_json_delta',
+      partial_json: inputJson
+    }
+
+    const deltaEvent: RawContentBlockDeltaEvent = {
+      type: 'content_block_delta',
+      index,
+      delta
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(deltaEvent)
+
+    // Emit content_block_stop
+    const stopEvent: RawContentBlockStopEvent = {
+      type: 'content_block_stop',
+      index
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(stopEvent)
+
+    // Mark that we have tool use
+    this.state.stopReason = 'tool_use'
+  }
+
+  private handleFinish(chunk: { type: 'finish'; finishReason?: FinishReason; totalUsage?: LanguageModelUsage }): void {
+    // Update usage
+    if (chunk.totalUsage) {
+      this.state.inputTokens = chunk.totalUsage.inputTokens || 0
+      this.state.outputTokens = chunk.totalUsage.outputTokens || 0
+      this.state.cacheInputTokens = chunk.totalUsage.cachedInputTokens || 0
+    }
+
+    // Determine finish reason
+    if (!this.state.stopReason) {
+      switch (chunk.finishReason) {
+        case 'stop':
+          this.state.stopReason = 'end_turn'
+          break
+        case 'length':
+          this.state.stopReason = 'max_tokens'
+          break
+        case 'tool-calls':
+          this.state.stopReason = 'tool_use'
+          break
+        case 'content-filter':
+          this.state.stopReason = 'refusal'
+          break
+        default:
+          this.state.stopReason = 'end_turn'
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private finalize(): void {
+    // Close any open blocks
+    if (this.state.textBlockIndex !== null) {
+      this.stopTextBlock()
+    }
+    // Close all open thinking blocks
+    for (const reasoningId of this.state.thinkingBlocks.keys()) {
+      this.stopThinkingBlock(reasoningId)
+    }
+
+    // Emit message_delta with final stop reason and usage
+    const usage: MessageDeltaUsage = {
+      output_tokens: this.state.outputTokens,
+      input_tokens: this.state.inputTokens,
+      cache_creation_input_tokens: this.state.cacheInputTokens,
+      cache_read_input_tokens: null,
+      server_tool_use: null
+    }
+
+    const messageDeltaEvent: RawMessageDeltaEvent = {
+      type: 'message_delta',
+      delta: {
+        stop_reason: this.state.stopReason || 'end_turn',
+        stop_sequence: null
+      },
+      usage
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(messageDeltaEvent)
+
+    // Emit message_stop
+    const messageStopEvent: RawMessageStopEvent = {
+      type: 'message_stop'
+    }
+
+    this.onEvent(messageStopEvent)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set input token count (typically from prompt)
+   */
+  setInputTokens(count: number): void {
+    this.state.inputTokens = count
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current message ID
+   */
+  getMessageId(): string {
+    return this.state.messageId
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Build a complete Message object for non-streaming responses
+   */
+  buildNonStreamingResponse(): Message {
+    const content: ContentBlock[] = []
+
+    // Collect all content blocks in order
+    const sortedBlocks = Array.from(this.state.blocks.values()).sort((a, b) => a.index - b.index)
+
+    for (const block of sortedBlocks) {
+      switch (block.type) {
+        case 'text':
+          content.push({
+            type: 'text',
+            text: block.content,
+            citations: null
+          } as TextBlock)
+          break
+        case 'thinking':
+          content.push({
+            type: 'thinking',
+            thinking: block.content
+          } as ThinkingBlock)
+          break
+        case 'tool_use':
+          content.push({
+            type: 'tool_use',
+            id: block.toolId!,
+            name: block.toolName!,
+            input: JSON.parse(block.toolInput || '{}')
+          } as ToolUseBlock)
+          break
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      id: this.state.messageId,
+      type: 'message',
+      role: 'assistant',
+      content,
+      model: this.state.model,
+      stop_reason: this.state.stopReason || 'end_turn',
+      stop_sequence: null,
+      usage: {
+        input_tokens: this.state.inputTokens,
+        output_tokens: this.state.outputTokens,
+        cache_creation_input_tokens: 0,
+        cache_read_input_tokens: 0,
+        server_tool_use: null
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Format an Anthropic SSE event for HTTP streaming
+ */
+export function formatSSEEvent(event: RawMessageStreamEvent): string {
+  return `event: ${event.type}\ndata: ${JSON.stringify(event)}\n\n`
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a done marker for SSE stream
+ */
+export function formatSSEDone(): string {
+  return 'data: [DONE]\n\n'
+}
+
+export default AiSdkToAnthropicSSE

src/main/apiServer/adapters/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/**
+ * Shared Adapters
+ *
+ * This module exports adapters for converting between different AI API formats.
+ */
+
+export {
+  AiSdkToAnthropicSSE,
+  type AiSdkToAnthropicSSEOptions,
+  formatSSEDone,
+  formatSSEEvent,
+  type SSEEventCallback
+} from './AiSdkToAnthropicSSE'

src/main/apiServer/adapters/openrouter.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import * as z from 'zod/v4'
+
+enum ReasoningFormat {
+  Unknown = 'unknown',
+  OpenAIResponsesV1 = 'openai-responses-v1',
+  XAIResponsesV1 = 'xai-responses-v1',
+  AnthropicClaudeV1 = 'anthropic-claude-v1',
+  GoogleGeminiV1 = 'google-gemini-v1'
+}
+
+// Anthropic Claude was the first reasoning that we're
+// passing back and forth
+export const DEFAULT_REASONING_FORMAT = ReasoningFormat.AnthropicClaudeV1
+
+function isDefinedOrNotNull<T>(value: T | null | undefined): value is T {
+  return value !== null && value !== undefined
+}
+
+export enum ReasoningDetailType {
+  Summary = 'reasoning.summary',
+  Encrypted = 'reasoning.encrypted',
+  Text = 'reasoning.text'
+}
+
+export const CommonReasoningDetailSchema = z
+  .object({
+    id: z.string().nullish(),
+    format: z.enum(ReasoningFormat).nullish(),
+    index: z.number().optional()
+  })
+  .loose()
+
+export const ReasoningDetailSummarySchema = z
+  .object({
+    type: z.literal(ReasoningDetailType.Summary),
+    summary: z.string()
+  })
+  .extend(CommonReasoningDetailSchema.shape)
+export type ReasoningDetailSummary = z.infer<typeof ReasoningDetailSummarySchema>
+
+export const ReasoningDetailEncryptedSchema = z
+  .object({
+    type: z.literal(ReasoningDetailType.Encrypted),
+    data: z.string()
+  })
+  .extend(CommonReasoningDetailSchema.shape)
+
+export type ReasoningDetailEncrypted = z.infer<typeof ReasoningDetailEncryptedSchema>
+
+export const ReasoningDetailTextSchema = z
+  .object({
+    type: z.literal(ReasoningDetailType.Text),
+    text: z.string().nullish(),
+    signature: z.string().nullish()
+  })
+  .extend(CommonReasoningDetailSchema.shape)
+
+export type ReasoningDetailText = z.infer<typeof ReasoningDetailTextSchema>
+
+export const ReasoningDetailUnionSchema = z.union([
+  ReasoningDetailSummarySchema,
+  ReasoningDetailEncryptedSchema,
+  ReasoningDetailTextSchema
+])
+
+export type ReasoningDetailUnion = z.infer<typeof ReasoningDetailUnionSchema>
+
+const ReasoningDetailsWithUnknownSchema = z.union([ReasoningDetailUnionSchema, z.unknown().transform(() => null)])
+
+export const ReasoningDetailArraySchema = z
+  .array(ReasoningDetailsWithUnknownSchema)
+  .transform((d) => d.filter((d): d is ReasoningDetailUnion => !!d))
+
+export const OutputUnionToReasoningDetailsSchema = z.union([
+  z
+    .object({
+      delta: z.object({
+        reasoning_details: z.array(ReasoningDetailsWithUnknownSchema)
+      })
+    })
+    .transform((data) => data.delta.reasoning_details.filter(isDefinedOrNotNull)),
+  z
+    .object({
+      message: z.object({
+        reasoning_details: z.array(ReasoningDetailsWithUnknownSchema)
+      })
+    })
+    .transform((data) => data.message.reasoning_details.filter(isDefinedOrNotNull)),
+  z
+    .object({
+      text: z.string(),
+      reasoning_details: z.array(ReasoningDetailsWithUnknownSchema)
+    })
+    .transform((data) => data.reasoning_details.filter(isDefinedOrNotNull))
+])

src/main/apiServer/routes/messages.ts

@@ -1,17 +1,93 @@
 import type { MessageCreateParams } from '@anthropic-ai/sdk/resources'
 import { loggerService } from '@logger'
+import { buildSharedMiddlewares, type SharedMiddlewareConfig } from '@shared/middleware'
+import { getAiSdkProviderId } from '@shared/provider'
 import type { Provider } from '@types'
 import type { Request, Response } from 'express'
 import express from 'express'
 
 import { messagesService } from '../services/messages'
-import { getProviderById, validateModelId } from '../utils'
+import { generateUnifiedMessage, streamUnifiedMessages } from '../services/unified-messages'
+import { getProviderById, isModelAnthropicCompatible, validateModelId } from '../utils'
+
+/**
+ * Check if a specific model on a provider should use direct Anthropic SDK
+ *
+ * A provider+model combination is considered "Anthropic-compatible" if:
+ * 1. It's a native Anthropic provider (type === 'anthropic'), OR
+ * 2. It has anthropicApiHost configured AND the specific model supports Anthropic API
+ *    (for aggregated providers like Silicon, only certain models support Anthropic endpoint)
+ *
+ * @param provider - The provider to check
+ * @param modelId - The model ID to check (without provider prefix)
+ * @returns true if should use direct Anthropic SDK, false for unified SDK
+ */
+function shouldUseDirectAnthropic(provider: Provider, modelId: string): boolean {
+  // Native Anthropic provider - always use direct SDK
+  if (provider.type === 'anthropic') {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  // No anthropicApiHost configured - use unified SDK
+  if (!provider.anthropicApiHost?.trim()) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  // Has anthropicApiHost - check model-level compatibility
+  // For aggregated providers, only specific models support Anthropic API
+  return isModelAnthropicCompatible(provider, modelId)
+}
 
 const logger = loggerService.withContext('ApiServerMessagesRoutes')
 
 const router = express.Router()
 const providerRouter = express.Router({ mergeParams: true })
 
+/**
+ * Estimate token count from messages
+ * Simple approximation: ~4 characters per token for English text
+ */
+interface CountTokensInput {
+  messages: Array<{ role: string; content: string | Array<{ type: string; text?: string }> }>
+  system?: string | Array<{ type: string; text?: string }>
+}
+
+function estimateTokenCount(input: CountTokensInput): number {
+  const { messages, system } = input
+  let totalChars = 0
+
+  // Count system message tokens
+  if (system) {
+    if (typeof system === 'string') {
+      totalChars += system.length
+    } else if (Array.isArray(system)) {
+      for (const block of system) {
+        if (block.type === 'text' && block.text) {
+          totalChars += block.text.length
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Count message tokens
+  for (const msg of messages) {
+    if (typeof msg.content === 'string') {
+      totalChars += msg.content.length
+    } else if (Array.isArray(msg.content)) {
+      for (const block of msg.content) {
+        if (block.type === 'text' && block.text) {
+          totalChars += block.text.length
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // Add overhead for role
+    totalChars += 10
+  }
+
+  // Estimate tokens (~4 chars per token, with some overhead)
+  return Math.ceil(totalChars / 4) + messages.length * 3
+}
+
 // Helper function for basic request validation
 async function validateRequestBody(req: Request): Promise<{ valid: boolean; error?: any }> {
   const request: MessageCreateParams = req.body
@@ -33,21 +109,36 @@ async function validateRequestBody(req: Request): Promise<{ valid: boolean; erro
 }
 
 interface HandleMessageProcessingOptions {
-  req: Request
   res: Response
   provider: Provider
   request: MessageCreateParams
   modelId?: string
 }
 
-async function handleMessageProcessing({
-  req,
+/**
+ * Handle message processing using direct Anthropic SDK
+ * Used for providers with anthropicApiHost or native Anthropic providers
+ * This bypasses AI SDK conversion and uses native Anthropic protocol
+ */
+async function handleDirectAnthropicProcessing({
   res,
   provider,
   request,
-  modelId
-}: HandleMessageProcessingOptions): Promise<void> {
+  modelId,
+  extraHeaders
+}: HandleMessageProcessingOptions & { extraHeaders?: Record<string, string | string[]> }): Promise<void> {
+  const actualModelId = modelId || request.model
+
+  logger.info('Processing message via direct Anthropic SDK', {
+    providerId: provider.id,
+    providerType: provider.type,
+    modelId: actualModelId,
+    stream: !!request.stream,
+    anthropicApiHost: provider.anthropicApiHost
+  })
+
   try {
+    // Validate request
     const validation = messagesService.validateRequest(request)
     if (!validation.isValid) {
       res.status(400).json({
@@ -60,28 +151,126 @@ async function handleMessageProcessing({
       return
     }
 
-    const extraHeaders = messagesService.prepareHeaders(req.headers)
+    // Process message using messagesService (native Anthropic SDK)
     const { client, anthropicRequest } = await messagesService.processMessage({
       provider,
       request,
       extraHeaders,
-      modelId
+      modelId: actualModelId
     })
 
     if (request.stream) {
+      // Use native Anthropic streaming
       await messagesService.handleStreaming(client, anthropicRequest, { response: res }, provider)
-      return
-    }
-
+    } else {
+      // Use native Anthropic non-streaming
       const response = await client.messages.create(anthropicRequest)
       res.json(response)
+    }
   } catch (error: any) {
-    logger.error('Message processing error', { error })
+    logger.error('Direct Anthropic processing error', { error })
     const { statusCode, errorResponse } = messagesService.transformError(error)
     res.status(statusCode).json(errorResponse)
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Handle message processing using unified AI SDK
+ * Used for non-Anthropic providers that need format conversion
+ * - Uses AI SDK adapters with output converted to Anthropic SSE format
+ */
+async function handleUnifiedProcessing({
+  res,
+  provider,
+  request,
+  modelId
+}: HandleMessageProcessingOptions): Promise<void> {
+  const actualModelId = modelId || request.model
+
+  logger.info('Processing message via unified AI SDK', {
+    providerId: provider.id,
+    providerType: provider.type,
+    modelId: actualModelId,
+    stream: !!request.stream
+  })
+
+  try {
+    // Validate request
+    const validation = messagesService.validateRequest(request)
+    if (!validation.isValid) {
+      res.status(400).json({
+        type: 'error',
+        error: {
+          type: 'invalid_request_error',
+          message: validation.errors.join('; ')
+        }
+      })
+      return
+    }
+
+    const middlewareConfig: SharedMiddlewareConfig = {
+      modelId: actualModelId,
+      providerId: provider.id,
+      aiSdkProviderId: getAiSdkProviderId(provider)
+    }
+    const middlewares = buildSharedMiddlewares(middlewareConfig)
+
+    logger.debug('Built middlewares for unified processing', {
+      middlewareCount: middlewares.length,
+      modelId: actualModelId,
+      providerId: provider.id
+    })
+
+    if (request.stream) {
+      await streamUnifiedMessages({
+        response: res,
+        provider,
+        modelId: actualModelId,
+        params: request,
+        middlewares,
+        onError: (error) => {
+          logger.error('Stream error', error as Error)
+        },
+        onComplete: () => {
+          logger.debug('Stream completed')
+        }
+      })
+    } else {
+      const response = await generateUnifiedMessage({
+        provider,
+        modelId: actualModelId,
+        params: request,
+        middlewares
+      })
+      res.json(response)
+    }
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    const { statusCode, errorResponse } = messagesService.transformError(error)
+    res.status(statusCode).json(errorResponse)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Handle message processing - routes to appropriate handler based on provider and model
+ *
+ * Routing logic:
+ * - Native Anthropic providers (type === 'anthropic'): Direct Anthropic SDK
+ * - Providers with anthropicApiHost AND model supports Anthropic API: Direct Anthropic SDK
+ * - Other providers/models: Unified AI SDK with Anthropic SSE conversion
+ */
+async function handleMessageProcessing({
+  res,
+  provider,
+  request,
+  modelId
+}: HandleMessageProcessingOptions): Promise<void> {
+  const actualModelId = modelId || request.model
+  if (shouldUseDirectAnthropic(provider, actualModelId)) {
+    return handleDirectAnthropicProcessing({ res, provider, request, modelId })
+  }
+  return handleUnifiedProcessing({ res, provider, request, modelId })
+}
+
 /**
  * @swagger
  * /v1/messages:
@@ -235,7 +424,7 @@ router.post('/', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
     const provider = modelValidation.provider!
     const modelId = modelValidation.modelId!
 
-    return handleMessageProcessing({ req, res, provider, request, modelId })
+    return handleMessageProcessing({ res, provider, request, modelId })
   } catch (error: any) {
     logger.error('Message processing error', { error })
     const { statusCode, errorResponse } = messagesService.transformError(error)
@@ -393,7 +582,7 @@ providerRouter.post('/', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
 
     const request: MessageCreateParams = req.body
 
-    return handleMessageProcessing({ req, res, provider, request })
+    return handleMessageProcessing({ res, provider, request })
   } catch (error: any) {
     logger.error('Message processing error', { error })
     const { statusCode, errorResponse } = messagesService.transformError(error)
@@ -401,4 +590,132 @@ providerRouter.post('/', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
   }
 })
 
+/**
+ * @swagger
+ * /v1/messages/count_tokens:
+ *   post:
+ *     summary: Count tokens for messages
+ *     description: Count tokens for Anthropic Messages API format (required by Claude Code SDK)
+ *     tags: [Messages]
+ *     requestBody:
+ *       required: true
+ *       content:
+ *         application/json:
+ *           schema:
+ *             type: object
+ *             required:
+ *               - model
+ *               - messages
+ *             properties:
+ *               model:
+ *                 type: string
+ *                 description: Model ID
+ *               messages:
+ *                 type: array
+ *                 items:
+ *                   type: object
+ *               system:
+ *                 type: string
+ *                 description: System message
+ *     responses:
+ *       200:
+ *         description: Token count response
+ *         content:
+ *           application/json:
+ *             schema:
+ *               type: object
+ *               properties:
+ *                 input_tokens:
+ *                   type: integer
+ *       400:
+ *         description: Bad request
+ */
+router.post('/count_tokens', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+  try {
+    const { model, messages, system } = req.body
+
+    if (!model) {
+      return res.status(400).json({
+        type: 'error',
+        error: {
+          type: 'invalid_request_error',
+          message: 'model parameter is required'
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    if (!messages || !Array.isArray(messages)) {
+      return res.status(400).json({
+        type: 'error',
+        error: {
+          type: 'invalid_request_error',
+          message: 'messages parameter is required'
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    const estimatedTokens = estimateTokenCount({ messages, system })
+
+    logger.debug('Token count estimated', {
+      model,
+      messageCount: messages.length,
+      estimatedTokens
+    })
+
+    return res.json({
+      input_tokens: estimatedTokens
+    })
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    logger.error('Token counting error', { error })
+    return res.status(500).json({
+      type: 'error',
+      error: {
+        type: 'api_error',
+        message: error.message || 'Internal server error'
+      }
+    })
+  }
+})
+
+/**
+ * Provider-specific count_tokens endpoint
+ */
+providerRouter.post('/count_tokens', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+  try {
+    const { model, messages, system } = req.body
+
+    if (!messages || !Array.isArray(messages)) {
+      return res.status(400).json({
+        type: 'error',
+        error: {
+          type: 'invalid_request_error',
+          message: 'messages parameter is required'
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    const estimatedTokens = estimateTokenCount({ messages, system })
+
+    logger.debug('Token count estimated (provider route)', {
+      providerId: req.params.provider,
+      model,
+      messageCount: messages.length,
+      estimatedTokens
+    })
+
+    return res.json({
+      input_tokens: estimatedTokens
+    })
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    logger.error('Token counting error', { error })
+    return res.status(500).json({
+      type: 'error',
+      error: {
+        type: 'api_error',
+        message: error.message || 'Internal server error'
+      }
+    })
+  }
+})
+
 export { providerRouter as messagesProviderRoutes, router as messagesRoutes }

src/main/apiServer/services/messages.ts

@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ import type Anthropic from '@anthropic-ai/sdk'
 import type { MessageCreateParams, MessageStreamEvent } from '@anthropic-ai/sdk/resources'
 import { loggerService } from '@logger'
 import anthropicService from '@main/services/AnthropicService'
-import { buildClaudeCodeSystemMessage, getSdkClient } from '@shared/anthropic'
+import { buildClaudeCodeSystemMessage, getSdkClient, sanitizeToolsForAnthropic } from '@shared/anthropic'
 import type { Provider } from '@types'
+import { APICallError, RetryError } from 'ai'
+import { net } from 'electron'
 import type { Response } from 'express'
 
 const logger = loggerService.withContext('MessagesService')
@@ -98,11 +100,30 @@ export class MessagesService {
 
   async getClient(provider: Provider, extraHeaders?: Record<string, string | string[]>): Promise<Anthropic> {
     // Create Anthropic client for the provider
+    // Wrap net.fetch to handle compatibility issues:
+    // 1. net.fetch expects string URLs, not Request objects
+    // 2. net.fetch doesn't support 'agent' option from Node.js http module
+    const electronFetch: typeof globalThis.fetch = async (input: URL | RequestInfo, init?: RequestInit) => {
+      const url = typeof input === 'string' ? input : input instanceof URL ? input.toString() : input.url
+      // Remove unsupported options for Electron's net.fetch
+      if (init) {
+        const initWithAgent = init as RequestInit & { agent?: unknown }
+        delete initWithAgent.agent
+        const headers = new Headers(initWithAgent.headers)
+        if (headers.has('content-length')) {
+          headers.delete('content-length')
+        }
+        initWithAgent.headers = headers
+        return net.fetch(url, initWithAgent)
+      }
+      return net.fetch(url)
+    }
+    const context = { fetch: electronFetch }
     if (provider.authType === 'oauth') {
       const oauthToken = await anthropicService.getValidAccessToken()
-      return getSdkClient(provider, oauthToken, extraHeaders)
+      return getSdkClient(provider, oauthToken, extraHeaders, context)
     }
-    return getSdkClient(provider, null, extraHeaders)
+    return getSdkClient(provider, null, extraHeaders, context)
   }
 
   prepareHeaders(headers: Record<string, string | string[] | undefined>): Record<string, string | string[]> {
@@ -127,7 +148,8 @@ export class MessagesService {
   createAnthropicRequest(request: MessageCreateParams, provider: Provider, modelId?: string): MessageCreateParams {
     const anthropicRequest: MessageCreateParams = {
       ...request,
-      stream: !!request.stream
+      stream: !!request.stream,
+      tools: sanitizeToolsForAnthropic(request.tools)
     }
 
     // Override model if provided
@@ -233,9 +255,71 @@ export class MessagesService {
   }
 
   transformError(error: any): { statusCode: number; errorResponse: ErrorResponse } {
-    let statusCode = 500
-    let errorType = 'api_error'
-    let errorMessage = 'Internal server error'
+    let statusCode: number | undefined = undefined
+    let errorType: string | undefined = undefined
+    let errorMessage: string | undefined = undefined
+
+    const errorMap: Record<number, string> = {
+      400: 'invalid_request_error',
+      401: 'authentication_error',
+      403: 'forbidden_error',
+      404: 'not_found_error',
+      429: 'rate_limit_error',
+      500: 'internal_server_error'
+    }
+
+    // Handle AI SDK RetryError - extract the last error for better error messages
+    if (RetryError.isInstance(error)) {
+      const lastError = error.lastError
+      // If the last error is an APICallError, extract its details
+      if (APICallError.isInstance(lastError)) {
+        statusCode = lastError.statusCode || 502
+        errorMessage = lastError.message
+        return {
+          statusCode,
+          errorResponse: {
+            type: 'error',
+            error: {
+              type: errorMap[statusCode] || 'api_error',
+              message: `${error.reason}: ${errorMessage}`,
+              requestId: lastError.name
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      // Fallback for other retry errors
+      errorMessage = error.message
+      statusCode = 502
+      return {
+        statusCode,
+        errorResponse: {
+          type: 'error',
+          error: {
+            type: 'api_error',
+            message: errorMessage,
+            requestId: error.name
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (APICallError.isInstance(error)) {
+      statusCode = error.statusCode
+      errorMessage = error.message
+      if (statusCode) {
+        return {
+          statusCode,
+          errorResponse: {
+            type: 'error',
+            error: {
+              type: errorMap[statusCode] || 'api_error',
+              message: errorMessage,
+              requestId: error.name
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
 
     const anthropicStatus = typeof error?.status === 'number' ? error.status : undefined
     const anthropicError = error?.error
@@ -277,11 +361,11 @@ export class MessagesService {
       typeof errorMessage === 'string' && errorMessage.length > 0 ? errorMessage : 'Internal server error'
 
     return {
-      statusCode,
+      statusCode: statusCode ?? 500,
       errorResponse: {
         type: 'error',
         error: {
-          type: errorType,
+          type: errorType || 'api_error',
           message: safeErrorMessage,
           requestId: error?.request_id
         }

src/main/apiServer/services/models.ts

@@ -1,13 +1,6 @@
-import { isEmpty } from 'lodash'
-
 import type { ApiModel, ApiModelsFilter, ApiModelsResponse } from '../../../renderer/src/types/apiModels'
 import { loggerService } from '../../services/LoggerService'
-import {
-  getAvailableProviders,
-  getProviderAnthropicModelChecker,
-  listAllAvailableModels,
-  transformModelToOpenAI
-} from '../utils'
+import { getAvailableProviders, listAllAvailableModels, transformModelToOpenAI } from '../utils'
 
 const logger = loggerService.withContext('ModelsService')
 
@@ -20,11 +13,12 @@ export class ModelsService {
     try {
       logger.debug('Getting available models from providers', { filter })
 
-      let providers = await getAvailableProviders()
+      const providers = await getAvailableProviders()
 
-      if (filter.providerType === 'anthropic') {
-        providers = providers.filter((p) => p.type === 'anthropic' || !isEmpty(p.anthropicApiHost?.trim()))
-      }
+      // Note: When providerType === 'anthropic', we now return ALL available models
+      // because the API Server's unified adapter (AiSdkToAnthropicSSE) can convert
+      // any provider's response to Anthropic SSE format. This enables Claude Code Agent
+      // to work with OpenAI, Gemini, and other providers transparently.
 
       const models = await listAllAvailableModels(providers)
       // Use Map to deduplicate models by their full ID (provider:model_id)
@@ -32,20 +26,11 @@ export class ModelsService {
 
       for (const model of models) {
         const provider = providers.find((p) => p.id === model.provider)
-        // logger.debug(`Processing model ${model.id}`)
         if (!provider) {
           logger.debug(`Skipping model ${model.id} . Reason: Provider not found.`)
           continue
         }
 
-        if (filter.providerType === 'anthropic') {
-          const checker = getProviderAnthropicModelChecker(provider.id)
-          if (!checker(model)) {
-            logger.debug(`Skipping model ${model.id} from ${model.provider}. Reason: Not an Anthropic model.`)
-            continue
-          }
-        }
-
         const openAIModel = transformModelToOpenAI(model, provider)
         const fullModelId = openAIModel.id // This is already in format "provider:model_id"
 

src/main/apiServer/services/unified-messages.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,718 @@
+import type { AnthropicProviderOptions } from '@ai-sdk/anthropic'
+import type { GoogleGenerativeAIProviderOptions } from '@ai-sdk/google'
+import type { OpenAIResponsesProviderOptions } from '@ai-sdk/openai'
+import type { LanguageModelV2Middleware, LanguageModelV2ToolResultOutput } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
+import type { ProviderOptions, ReasoningPart, ToolCallPart, ToolResultPart } from '@ai-sdk/provider-utils'
+import type {
+  ImageBlockParam,
+  MessageCreateParams,
+  TextBlockParam,
+  Tool as AnthropicTool
+} from '@anthropic-ai/sdk/resources/messages'
+import { type AiPlugin, createExecutor } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
+import { createProvider as createProviderCore } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/provider'
+import { loggerService } from '@logger'
+import { AiSdkToAnthropicSSE, formatSSEDone, formatSSEEvent } from '@main/apiServer/adapters'
+import { generateSignature as cherryaiGenerateSignature } from '@main/integration/cherryai'
+import anthropicService from '@main/services/AnthropicService'
+import copilotService from '@main/services/CopilotService'
+import { reduxService } from '@main/services/ReduxService'
+import { isGemini3ModelId } from '@shared/middleware'
+import {
+  type AiSdkConfig,
+  type AiSdkConfigContext,
+  formatProviderApiHost,
+  initializeSharedProviders,
+  isAnthropicProvider,
+  isGeminiProvider,
+  isOpenAIProvider,
+  type ProviderFormatContext,
+  providerToAiSdkConfig as sharedProviderToAiSdkConfig,
+  resolveActualProvider
+} from '@shared/provider'
+import { COPILOT_DEFAULT_HEADERS } from '@shared/provider/constant'
+import { defaultAppHeaders } from '@shared/utils'
+import type { Provider } from '@types'
+import type { ImagePart, JSONValue, ModelMessage, Provider as AiSdkProvider, TextPart, Tool as AiSdkTool } from 'ai'
+import { simulateStreamingMiddleware, stepCountIs, tool, wrapLanguageModel, zodSchema } from 'ai'
+import { net } from 'electron'
+import type { Response } from 'express'
+import * as z from 'zod'
+
+import { googleReasoningCache, openRouterReasoningCache } from '../../services/CacheService'
+
+const logger = loggerService.withContext('UnifiedMessagesService')
+
+const MAGIC_STRING = 'skip_thought_signature_validator'
+
+function sanitizeJson(value: unknown): JSONValue {
+  return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(value))
+}
+
+initializeSharedProviders({
+  warn: (message) => logger.warn(message),
+  error: (message, error) => logger.error(message, error)
+})
+
+/**
+ * Configuration for unified message streaming
+ */
+export interface UnifiedStreamConfig {
+  response: Response
+  provider: Provider
+  modelId: string
+  params: MessageCreateParams
+  onError?: (error: unknown) => void
+  onComplete?: () => void
+  /**
+   * Optional AI SDK middlewares to apply
+   */
+  middlewares?: LanguageModelV2Middleware[]
+  /**
+   * Optional AI Core plugins to use with the executor
+   */
+  plugins?: AiPlugin[]
+}
+
+/**
+ * Configuration for non-streaming message generation
+ */
+export interface GenerateUnifiedMessageConfig {
+  provider: Provider
+  modelId: string
+  params: MessageCreateParams
+  middlewares?: LanguageModelV2Middleware[]
+  plugins?: AiPlugin[]
+}
+
+function getMainProcessFormatContext(): ProviderFormatContext {
+  const vertexSettings = reduxService.selectSync<{ projectId: string; location: string }>('state.llm.settings.vertexai')
+  return {
+    vertex: {
+      project: vertexSettings?.projectId || 'default-project',
+      location: vertexSettings?.location || 'us-central1'
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const mainProcessSdkContext: AiSdkConfigContext = {
+  getRotatedApiKey: (provider) => {
+    const keys = provider.apiKey.split(',').map((k) => k.trim())
+    return keys[0] || provider.apiKey
+  },
+  fetch: net.fetch as typeof globalThis.fetch
+}
+
+function getActualProvider(provider: Provider, modelId: string): Provider {
+  const model = provider.models?.find((m) => m.id === modelId)
+  if (!model) return provider
+  return resolveActualProvider(provider, model)
+}
+
+function providerToAiSdkConfig(provider: Provider, modelId: string): AiSdkConfig {
+  const actualProvider = getActualProvider(provider, modelId)
+  const formattedProvider = formatProviderApiHost(actualProvider, getMainProcessFormatContext())
+  return sharedProviderToAiSdkConfig(formattedProvider, modelId, mainProcessSdkContext)
+}
+
+function convertAnthropicToolResultToAiSdk(
+  content: string | Array<TextBlockParam | ImageBlockParam>
+): LanguageModelV2ToolResultOutput {
+  if (typeof content === 'string') {
+    return { type: 'text', value: content }
+  }
+  const values: Array<{ type: 'text'; text: string } | { type: 'media'; data: string; mediaType: string }> = []
+  for (const block of content) {
+    if (block.type === 'text') {
+      values.push({ type: 'text', text: block.text })
+    } else if (block.type === 'image') {
+      values.push({
+        type: 'media',
+        data: block.source.type === 'base64' ? block.source.data : block.source.url,
+        mediaType: block.source.type === 'base64' ? block.source.media_type : 'image/png'
+      })
+    }
+  }
+  return { type: 'content', value: values }
+}
+
+// Type alias for JSON Schema (compatible with recursive calls)
+type JsonSchemaLike = AnthropicTool.InputSchema | Record<string, unknown>
+
+/**
+ * Convert JSON Schema to Zod schema
+ * This avoids non-standard fields like input_examples that Anthropic doesn't support
+ */
+function jsonSchemaToZod(schema: JsonSchemaLike): z.ZodTypeAny {
+  const s = schema as Record<string, unknown>
+  const schemaType = s.type as string | string[] | undefined
+  const enumValues = s.enum as unknown[] | undefined
+  const description = s.description as string | undefined
+
+  // Handle enum first
+  if (enumValues && Array.isArray(enumValues) && enumValues.length > 0) {
+    if (enumValues.every((v) => typeof v === 'string')) {
+      const zodEnum = z.enum(enumValues as [string, ...string[]])
+      return description ? zodEnum.describe(description) : zodEnum
+    }
+    // For non-string enums, use union of literals
+    const literals = enumValues.map((v) => z.literal(v as string | number | boolean))
+    if (literals.length === 1) {
+      return description ? literals[0].describe(description) : literals[0]
+    }
+    const zodUnion = z.union(literals as unknown as [z.ZodTypeAny, z.ZodTypeAny, ...z.ZodTypeAny[]])
+    return description ? zodUnion.describe(description) : zodUnion
+  }
+
+  // Handle union types (type: ["string", "null"])
+  if (Array.isArray(schemaType)) {
+    const schemas = schemaType.map((t) => jsonSchemaToZod({ ...s, type: t, enum: undefined }))
+    if (schemas.length === 1) {
+      return schemas[0]
+    }
+    return z.union(schemas as [z.ZodTypeAny, z.ZodTypeAny, ...z.ZodTypeAny[]])
+  }
+
+  // Handle by type
+  switch (schemaType) {
+    case 'string': {
+      let zodString = z.string()
+      if (typeof s.minLength === 'number') zodString = zodString.min(s.minLength)
+      if (typeof s.maxLength === 'number') zodString = zodString.max(s.maxLength)
+      if (typeof s.pattern === 'string') zodString = zodString.regex(new RegExp(s.pattern))
+      return description ? zodString.describe(description) : zodString
+    }
+
+    case 'number':
+    case 'integer': {
+      let zodNumber = schemaType === 'integer' ? z.number().int() : z.number()
+      if (typeof s.minimum === 'number') zodNumber = zodNumber.min(s.minimum)
+      if (typeof s.maximum === 'number') zodNumber = zodNumber.max(s.maximum)
+      return description ? zodNumber.describe(description) : zodNumber
+    }
+
+    case 'boolean': {
+      const zodBoolean = z.boolean()
+      return description ? zodBoolean.describe(description) : zodBoolean
+    }
+
+    case 'null':
+      return z.null()
+
+    case 'array': {
+      const items = s.items as Record<string, unknown> | undefined
+      let zodArray = items ? z.array(jsonSchemaToZod(items)) : z.array(z.unknown())
+      if (typeof s.minItems === 'number') zodArray = zodArray.min(s.minItems)
+      if (typeof s.maxItems === 'number') zodArray = zodArray.max(s.maxItems)
+      return description ? zodArray.describe(description) : zodArray
+    }
+
+    case 'object': {
+      const properties = s.properties as Record<string, Record<string, unknown>> | undefined
+      const required = (s.required as string[]) || []
+
+      // Always use z.object() to ensure "properties" field is present in output schema
+      // OpenAI requires explicit properties field even for empty objects
+      const shape: Record<string, z.ZodTypeAny> = {}
+      if (properties) {
+        for (const [key, propSchema] of Object.entries(properties)) {
+          const zodProp = jsonSchemaToZod(propSchema)
+          shape[key] = required.includes(key) ? zodProp : zodProp.optional()
+        }
+      }
+
+      const zodObject = z.object(shape)
+      return description ? zodObject.describe(description) : zodObject
+    }
+
+    default:
+      // Unknown type, use z.unknown()
+      return z.unknown()
+  }
+}
+
+function convertAnthropicToolsToAiSdk(tools: MessageCreateParams['tools']): Record<string, AiSdkTool> | undefined {
+  if (!tools || tools.length === 0) return undefined
+
+  const aiSdkTools: Record<string, AiSdkTool> = {}
+  for (const anthropicTool of tools) {
+    if (anthropicTool.type === 'bash_20250124') continue
+    const toolDef = anthropicTool as AnthropicTool
+    const rawSchema = toolDef.input_schema
+    const schema = jsonSchemaToZod(rawSchema)
+
+    // Use tool() with inputSchema (AI SDK v5 API)
+    const aiTool = tool({
+      description: toolDef.description || '',
+      inputSchema: zodSchema(schema)
+    })
+
+    aiSdkTools[toolDef.name] = aiTool
+  }
+  return Object.keys(aiSdkTools).length > 0 ? aiSdkTools : undefined
+}
+
+function convertAnthropicToAiMessages(params: MessageCreateParams): ModelMessage[] {
+  const messages: ModelMessage[] = []
+
+  // System message
+  if (params.system) {
+    if (typeof params.system === 'string') {
+      messages.push({ role: 'system', content: params.system })
+    } else if (Array.isArray(params.system)) {
+      const systemText = params.system
+        .filter((block) => block.type === 'text')
+        .map((block) => block.text)
+        .join('\n')
+      if (systemText) {
+        messages.push({ role: 'system', content: systemText })
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const toolCallIdToName = new Map<string, string>()
+  for (const msg of params.messages) {
+    if (Array.isArray(msg.content)) {
+      for (const block of msg.content) {
+        if (block.type === 'tool_use') {
+          toolCallIdToName.set(block.id, block.name)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // User/assistant messages
+  for (const msg of params.messages) {
+    if (typeof msg.content === 'string') {
+      messages.push({
+        role: msg.role === 'user' ? 'user' : 'assistant',
+        content: msg.content
+      })
+    } else if (Array.isArray(msg.content)) {
+      const textParts: TextPart[] = []
+      const imageParts: ImagePart[] = []
+      const reasoningParts: ReasoningPart[] = []
+      const toolCallParts: ToolCallPart[] = []
+      const toolResultParts: ToolResultPart[] = []
+
+      for (const block of msg.content) {
+        if (block.type === 'text') {
+          textParts.push({ type: 'text', text: block.text })
+        } else if (block.type === 'thinking') {
+          reasoningParts.push({ type: 'reasoning', text: block.thinking })
+        } else if (block.type === 'redacted_thinking') {
+          reasoningParts.push({ type: 'reasoning', text: block.data })
+        } else if (block.type === 'image') {
+          const source = block.source
+          if (source.type === 'base64') {
+            imageParts.push({ type: 'image', image: `data:${source.media_type};base64,${source.data}` })
+          } else if (source.type === 'url') {
+            imageParts.push({ type: 'image', image: source.url })
+          }
+        } else if (block.type === 'tool_use') {
+          const options: ProviderOptions = {}
+
+          if (isGemini3ModelId(params.model)) {
+            if (googleReasoningCache.get(`google-${block.name}`)) {
+              options.google = {
+                thoughtSignature: MAGIC_STRING
+              }
+            } else if (openRouterReasoningCache.get('openrouter')) {
+              options.openrouter = {
+                reasoning_details: (sanitizeJson(openRouterReasoningCache.get('openrouter')) as JSONValue[]) || []
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          toolCallParts.push({
+            type: 'tool-call',
+            toolName: block.name,
+            toolCallId: block.id,
+            input: block.input,
+            providerOptions: options
+          })
+        } else if (block.type === 'tool_result') {
+          // Look up toolName from the pre-built map (covers cross-message references)
+          const toolName = toolCallIdToName.get(block.tool_use_id) || 'unknown'
+          toolResultParts.push({
+            type: 'tool-result',
+            toolCallId: block.tool_use_id,
+            toolName,
+            output: block.content ? convertAnthropicToolResultToAiSdk(block.content) : { type: 'text', value: '' }
+          })
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (toolResultParts.length > 0) {
+        messages.push({ role: 'tool', content: [...toolResultParts] })
+      }
+
+      if (msg.role === 'user') {
+        const userContent = [...textParts, ...imageParts]
+        if (userContent.length > 0) {
+          messages.push({ role: 'user', content: userContent })
+        }
+      } else {
+        const assistantContent = [...reasoningParts, ...textParts, ...toolCallParts]
+        if (assistantContent.length > 0) {
+          let providerOptions: ProviderOptions | undefined = undefined
+          if (openRouterReasoningCache.get('openrouter')) {
+            providerOptions = {
+              openrouter: {
+                reasoning_details: (sanitizeJson(openRouterReasoningCache.get('openrouter')) as JSONValue[]) || []
+              }
+            }
+          } else if (isGemini3ModelId(params.model)) {
+            providerOptions = {
+              google: {
+                thoughtSignature: MAGIC_STRING
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          messages.push({ role: 'assistant', content: assistantContent, providerOptions })
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return messages
+}
+
+interface ExecuteStreamConfig {
+  provider: Provider
+  modelId: string
+  params: MessageCreateParams
+  middlewares?: LanguageModelV2Middleware[]
+  plugins?: AiPlugin[]
+  onEvent?: (event: Parameters<typeof formatSSEEvent>[0]) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create AI SDK provider instance from config
+ * Similar to renderer's createAiSdkProvider
+ */
+async function createAiSdkProvider(config: AiSdkConfig): Promise<AiSdkProvider> {
+  let providerId = config.providerId
+
+  // Handle special provider modes (same as renderer)
+  if (providerId === 'openai' && config.options?.mode === 'chat') {
+    providerId = 'openai-chat'
+  } else if (providerId === 'azure' && config.options?.mode === 'responses') {
+    providerId = 'azure-responses'
+  } else if (providerId === 'cherryin' && config.options?.mode === 'chat') {
+    providerId = 'cherryin-chat'
+  }
+
+  const provider = await createProviderCore(providerId, config.options)
+
+  return provider
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prepare special provider configuration for providers that need dynamic tokens
+ * Similar to renderer's prepareSpecialProviderConfig
+ */
+async function prepareSpecialProviderConfig(provider: Provider, config: AiSdkConfig): Promise<AiSdkConfig> {
+  switch (provider.id) {
+    case 'copilot': {
+      const storedHeaders =
+        ((await reduxService.select('state.copilot.defaultHeaders')) as Record<string, string> | null) ?? {}
+      const headers: Record<string, string> = {
+        ...COPILOT_DEFAULT_HEADERS,
+        ...storedHeaders
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const { token } = await copilotService.getToken(null as any, headers)
+        config.options.apiKey = token
+        const existingHeaders = (config.options.headers as Record<string, string> | undefined) ?? {}
+        config.options.headers = {
+          ...headers,
+          ...existingHeaders
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        logger.error('Failed to get Copilot token', error as Error)
+        throw new Error('Failed to get Copilot token. Please re-authorize Copilot.')
+      }
+      break
+    }
+    case 'anthropic': {
+      if (provider.authType === 'oauth') {
+        try {
+          const oauthToken = await anthropicService.getValidAccessToken()
+          if (!oauthToken) {
+            throw new Error('Anthropic OAuth token not available. Please re-authorize.')
+          }
+          config.options = {
+            ...config.options,
+            headers: {
+              ...(config.options.headers ? config.options.headers : {}),
+              'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+              'anthropic-version': '2023-06-01',
+              'anthropic-beta': 'oauth-2025-04-20',
+              Authorization: `Bearer ${oauthToken}`
+            },
+            baseURL: 'https://api.anthropic.com/v1',
+            apiKey: ''
+          }
+        } catch (error) {
+          logger.error('Failed to get Anthropic OAuth token', error as Error)
+          throw new Error('Failed to get Anthropic OAuth token. Please re-authorize.')
+        }
+      }
+      break
+    }
+    case 'cherryai': {
+      // Create a signed fetch wrapper for cherryai
+      const baseFetch = net.fetch as typeof globalThis.fetch
+      config.options.fetch = async (url: RequestInfo | URL, options?: RequestInit) => {
+        if (!options?.body) {
+          return baseFetch(url, options)
+        }
+        const signature = cherryaiGenerateSignature({
+          method: 'POST',
+          path: '/chat/completions',
+          query: '',
+          body: JSON.parse(options.body as string)
+        })
+        return baseFetch(url, {
+          ...options,
+          headers: {
+            ...(options.headers as Record<string, string>),
+            ...signature
+          }
+        })
+      }
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  return config
+}
+
+function mapAnthropicThinkToAISdkProviderOptions(
+  provider: Provider,
+  config: MessageCreateParams['thinking']
+): ProviderOptions | undefined {
+  if (!config) return undefined
+  if (isAnthropicProvider(provider)) {
+    return {
+      anthropic: {
+        ...mapToAnthropicProviderOptions(config)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (isGeminiProvider(provider)) {
+    return {
+      google: {
+        ...mapToGeminiProviderOptions(config)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (isOpenAIProvider(provider)) {
+    return {
+      openai: {
+        ...mapToOpenAIProviderOptions(config)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return undefined
+}
+
+function mapToAnthropicProviderOptions(config: NonNullable<MessageCreateParams['thinking']>): AnthropicProviderOptions {
+  return {
+    thinking: {
+      type: config.type,
+      budgetTokens: config.type === 'enabled' ? config.budget_tokens : undefined
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function mapToGeminiProviderOptions(
+  config: NonNullable<MessageCreateParams['thinking']>
+): GoogleGenerativeAIProviderOptions {
+  return {
+    thinkingConfig: {
+      thinkingBudget: config.type === 'enabled' ? config.budget_tokens : -1,
+      includeThoughts: config.type === 'enabled'
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function mapToOpenAIProviderOptions(
+  config: NonNullable<MessageCreateParams['thinking']>
+): OpenAIResponsesProviderOptions {
+  return {
+    reasoningEffort: config.type === 'enabled' ? 'high' : 'none'
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Core stream execution function - single source of truth for AI SDK calls
+ */
+async function executeStream(config: ExecuteStreamConfig): Promise<AiSdkToAnthropicSSE> {
+  const { provider, modelId, params, middlewares = [], plugins = [], onEvent } = config
+
+  // Convert provider config to AI SDK config
+  let sdkConfig = providerToAiSdkConfig(provider, modelId)
+
+  // Prepare special provider config (Copilot, Anthropic OAuth, etc.)
+  sdkConfig = await prepareSpecialProviderConfig(provider, sdkConfig)
+
+  // Create provider instance and get language model
+  const aiSdkProvider = await createAiSdkProvider(sdkConfig)
+  const baseModel = aiSdkProvider.languageModel(modelId)
+
+  // Apply middlewares if present
+  const model =
+    middlewares.length > 0 && typeof baseModel === 'object'
+      ? (wrapLanguageModel({ model: baseModel, middleware: middlewares }) as typeof baseModel)
+      : baseModel
+
+  // Create executor with plugins
+  const executor = createExecutor(sdkConfig.providerId, sdkConfig.options, plugins)
+
+  // Convert messages and tools
+  const coreMessages = convertAnthropicToAiMessages(params)
+  const tools = convertAnthropicToolsToAiSdk(params.tools)
+
+  // Create the adapter
+  const adapter = new AiSdkToAnthropicSSE({
+    model: `${provider.id}:${modelId}`,
+    onEvent: onEvent || (() => {})
+  })
+
+  // Execute stream - pass model object instead of string
+  const result = await executor.streamText({
+    model, // Now passing LanguageModel object, not string
+    messages: coreMessages,
+    // FIXME: Claude Code传入的maxToken会超出有些模型限制，需做特殊处理，可能在v2好修复一点，现在维护的成本有点高
+    // 已知: 豆包
+    maxOutputTokens: params.max_tokens,
+    temperature: params.temperature,
+    topP: params.top_p,
+    topK: params.top_k,
+    stopSequences: params.stop_sequences,
+    stopWhen: stepCountIs(100),
+    headers: defaultAppHeaders(),
+    tools,
+    providerOptions: mapAnthropicThinkToAISdkProviderOptions(provider, params.thinking)
+  })
+
+  // Process the stream through the adapter
+  await adapter.processStream(result.fullStream)
+
+  return adapter
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stream a message request using AI SDK executor and convert to Anthropic SSE format
+ */
+export async function streamUnifiedMessages(config: UnifiedStreamConfig): Promise<void> {
+  const { response, provider, modelId, params, onError, onComplete, middlewares = [], plugins = [] } = config
+
+  logger.info('Starting unified message stream', {
+    providerId: provider.id,
+    providerType: provider.type,
+    modelId,
+    stream: params.stream,
+    middlewareCount: middlewares.length,
+    pluginCount: plugins.length
+  })
+
+  try {
+    response.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/event-stream')
+    response.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'no-cache')
+    response.setHeader('Connection', 'keep-alive')
+    response.setHeader('X-Accel-Buffering', 'no')
+
+    await executeStream({
+      provider,
+      modelId,
+      params,
+      middlewares,
+      plugins,
+      onEvent: (event) => {
+        logger.silly('Streaming event', { eventType: event.type })
+        const sseData = formatSSEEvent(event)
+        response.write(sseData)
+      }
+    })
+
+    // Send done marker
+    response.write(formatSSEDone())
+    response.end()
+
+    logger.info('Unified message stream completed', { providerId: provider.id, modelId })
+    onComplete?.()
+  } catch (error) {
+    logger.error('Error in unified message stream', error as Error, { providerId: provider.id, modelId })
+    onError?.(error)
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generate a non-streaming message response
+ *
+ * Uses simulateStreamingMiddleware to reuse the same streaming logic,
+ * similar to renderer's ModernAiProvider pattern.
+ */
+export async function generateUnifiedMessage(
+  providerOrConfig: Provider | GenerateUnifiedMessageConfig,
+  modelId?: string,
+  params?: MessageCreateParams
+): Promise<ReturnType<typeof AiSdkToAnthropicSSE.prototype.buildNonStreamingResponse>> {
+  // Support both old signature and new config-based signature
+  let config: GenerateUnifiedMessageConfig
+  if ('provider' in providerOrConfig && 'modelId' in providerOrConfig && 'params' in providerOrConfig) {
+    config = providerOrConfig
+  } else {
+    config = {
+      provider: providerOrConfig as Provider,
+      modelId: modelId!,
+      params: params!
+    }
+  }
+
+  const { provider, middlewares = [], plugins = [] } = config
+
+  logger.info('Starting unified message generation', {
+    providerId: provider.id,
+    providerType: provider.type,
+    modelId: config.modelId,
+    middlewareCount: middlewares.length,
+    pluginCount: plugins.length
+  })
+
+  try {
+    // Add simulateStreamingMiddleware to reuse streaming logic for non-streaming
+    const allMiddlewares = [simulateStreamingMiddleware(), ...middlewares]
+
+    const adapter = await executeStream({
+      provider,
+      modelId: config.modelId,
+      params: config.params,
+      middlewares: allMiddlewares,
+      plugins
+    })
+
+    const finalResponse = adapter.buildNonStreamingResponse()
+
+    logger.info('Unified message generation completed', {
+      providerId: provider.id,
+      modelId: config.modelId
+    })
+
+    return finalResponse
+  } catch (error) {
+    logger.error('Error in unified message generation', error as Error, {
+      providerId: provider.id,
+      modelId: config.modelId
+    })
+    throw error
+  }
+}
+
+export default {
+  streamUnifiedMessages,
+  generateUnifiedMessage
+}

src/main/apiServer/utils/index.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { CacheService } from '@main/services/CacheService'
 import { loggerService } from '@main/services/LoggerService'
 import { reduxService } from '@main/services/ReduxService'
-import { isSiliconAnthropicCompatibleModel } from '@shared/config/providers'
+import { isPpioAnthropicCompatibleModel, isSiliconAnthropicCompatibleModel } from '@shared/config/providers'
 import type { ApiModel, Model, Provider } from '@types'
 
 const logger = loggerService.withContext('ApiServerUtils')
@@ -28,10 +28,9 @@ export async function getAvailableProviders(): Promise<Provider[]> {
       return []
     }
 
-    // Support OpenAI and Anthropic type providers for API server
-    const supportedProviders = providers.filter(
-      (p: Provider) => p.enabled && (p.type === 'openai' || p.type === 'anthropic')
-    )
+    // Support all provider types that AI SDK can handle
+    // The unified-messages service uses AI SDK which supports many providers
+    const supportedProviders = providers.filter((p: Provider) => p.enabled)
 
     // Cache the filtered results
     CacheService.set(PROVIDERS_CACHE_KEY, supportedProviders, PROVIDERS_CACHE_TTL)
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ export async function validateModelId(model: string): Promise<{
         valid: false,
         error: {
           type: 'provider_not_found',
-          message: `Provider '${providerId}' not found, not enabled, or not supported. Only OpenAI providers are currently supported.`,
+          message: `Provider '${providerId}' not found or not enabled.`,
           code: 'provider_not_found'
         }
       }
@@ -262,14 +261,8 @@ export function validateProvider(provider: Provider): boolean {
       return false
     }
 
-    // Support OpenAI and Anthropic type providers
-    if (provider.type !== 'openai' && provider.type !== 'anthropic') {
-      logger.debug('Provider type not supported', {
-        providerId: provider.id,
-        providerType: provider.type
-      })
-      return false
-    }
+    // AI SDK supports many provider types, no longer need to filter by type
+    // The unified-messages service handles all supported types
 
     return true
   } catch (error: any) {
@@ -290,8 +283,39 @@ export const getProviderAnthropicModelChecker = (providerId: string): ((m: Model
       return (m: Model) => m.id.includes('claude')
     case 'silicon':
       return (m: Model) => isSiliconAnthropicCompatibleModel(m.id)
+    case 'ppio':
+      return (m: Model) => isPpioAnthropicCompatibleModel(m.id)
     default:
       // allow all models when checker not configured
       return () => true
   }
 }
+
+/**
+ * Check if a specific model is compatible with Anthropic API for a given provider.
+ *
+ * This is used for fine-grained routing decisions at the model level.
+ * For aggregated providers (like Silicon), only certain models support the Anthropic API endpoint.
+ *
+ * @param provider - The provider to check
+ * @param modelId - The model ID to check (without provider prefix)
+ * @returns true if the model supports Anthropic API endpoint
+ */
+export function isModelAnthropicCompatible(provider: Provider, modelId: string): boolean {
+  const checker = getProviderAnthropicModelChecker(provider.id)
+
+  const model = provider.models?.find((m) => m.id === modelId)
+
+  if (model) {
+    return checker(model)
+  }
+
+  const minimalModel: Model = {
+    id: modelId,
+    name: modelId,
+    provider: provider.id,
+    group: ''
+  }
+
+  return checker(minimalModel)
+}

src/main/services/CacheService.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,19 @@
+import type { ReasoningDetailUnion } from '@main/apiServer/adapters/openrouter'
+
 interface CacheItem<T> {
   data: T
   timestamp: number
   duration: number
 }
 
+/**
+ * Interface for reasoning cache
+ */
+export interface IReasoningCache<T> {
+  set(key: string, value: T): void
+  get(key: string): T | undefined
+}
+
 export class CacheService {
   private static cache: Map<string, CacheItem<any>> = new Map()
 
@@ -72,3 +82,14 @@ export class CacheService {
     return true
   }
 }
+
+// Singleton cache instances using CacheService
+export const googleReasoningCache: IReasoningCache<string> = {
+  set: (key, value) => CacheService.set(`google-reasoning:${key}`, value, 30 * 60 * 1000),
+  get: (key) => CacheService.get(`google-reasoning:${key}`) || undefined
+}
+
+export const openRouterReasoningCache: IReasoningCache<ReasoningDetailUnion[]> = {
+  set: (key, value) => CacheService.set(`openrouter-reasoning:${key}`, value, 30 * 60 * 1000),
+  get: (key) => CacheService.get(`openrouter-reasoning:${key}`) || undefined
+}

src/main/services/CodeToolsService.ts

@@ -548,6 +548,17 @@ class CodeToolsService {
     logger.debug(`Environment variables:`, Object.keys(env))
     logger.debug(`Options:`, options)
 
+    // Validate directory exists before proceeding
+    if (!directory || !fs.existsSync(directory)) {
+      const errorMessage = `Directory does not exist: ${directory}`
+      logger.error(errorMessage)
+      return {
+        success: false,
+        message: errorMessage,
+        command: ''
+      }
+    }
+
     const packageName = await this.getPackageName(cliTool)
     const bunPath = await this.getBunPath()
     const executableName = await this.getCliExecutableName(cliTool)
@@ -709,6 +720,7 @@ class CodeToolsService {
         // Build bat file content, including debug information
         const batContent = [
           '@echo off',
+          'chcp 65001 >nul 2>&1', // Switch to UTF-8 code page for international path support
           `title ${cliTool} - Cherry Studio`, // Set window title in bat file
           'echo ================================================',
           'echo Cherry Studio CLI Tool Launcher',

src/main/services/MCPService.ts

@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ class McpService {
       tools.map((tool: SDKTool) => {
         const serverTool: MCPTool = {
           ...tool,
-          id: buildFunctionCallToolName(server.name, tool.name),
+          id: buildFunctionCallToolName(server.name, tool.name, server.id),
           serverId: server.id,
           serverName: server.name,
           type: 'mcp'

src/main/services/agents/services/claudecode/claude-stream-state.ts

@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ export class ClaudeStreamState {
   private pendingUsage: PendingUsageState = {}
   private pendingToolCalls = new Map<string, PendingToolCall>()
   private stepActive = false
+  private _streamFinished = false
 
   constructor(options: ClaudeStreamStateOptions) {
     this.logger = loggerService.withContext('ClaudeStreamState')
@@ -289,6 +290,16 @@ export class ClaudeStreamState {
   getNamespacedToolCallId(rawToolCallId: string): string {
     return buildNamespacedToolCallId(this.agentSessionId, rawToolCallId)
   }
+
+  /** Marks the stream as finished (either completed or errored). */
+  markFinished(): void {
+    this._streamFinished = true
+  }
+
+  /** Returns true if the stream has already emitted a terminal event. */
+  isFinished(): boolean {
+    return this._streamFinished
+  }
 }
 
 export type { PendingToolCall }

src/main/services/agents/services/claudecode/index.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // src/main/services/agents/services/claudecode/index.ts
 import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events'
 import { createRequire } from 'node:module'
+import path from 'node:path'
 
 import type {
   CanUseTool,
@@ -84,18 +85,14 @@ class ClaudeCodeService implements AgentServiceInterface {
       })
       return aiStream
     }
-    if (
-      (modelInfo.provider?.type !== 'anthropic' &&
-        (modelInfo.provider?.anthropicApiHost === undefined || modelInfo.provider.anthropicApiHost.trim() === '')) ||
-      modelInfo.provider.apiKey === ''
-    ) {
-      logger.error('Anthropic provider configuration is missing', {
-        modelInfo
-      })
-
+    // Validate provider has required configuration
+    // Note: We no longer restrict to anthropic type only - the API Server's unified adapter
+    // handles format conversion for any provider type (OpenAI, Gemini, etc.)
+    if (!modelInfo.provider?.apiKey) {
+      logger.error('Provider API key is missing', { modelInfo })
       aiStream.emit('data', {
         type: 'error',
-        error: new Error(`Invalid provider type '${modelInfo.provider?.type}'. Expected 'anthropic' provider type.`)
+        error: new Error(`Provider '${modelInfo.provider?.id}' is missing API key configuration.`)
       })
       return aiStream
     }
@@ -106,22 +103,25 @@ class ClaudeCodeService implements AgentServiceInterface {
       Object.entries(loginShellEnv).filter(([key]) => !key.toLowerCase().endsWith('_proxy'))
     ) as Record<string, string>
 
+    // Route through local API Server which handles format conversion via unified adapter
+    // This enables Claude Code Agent to work with any provider (OpenAI, Gemini, etc.)
+    // The API Server converts AI SDK responses to Anthropic SSE format transparently
     const env = {
       ...loginShellEnvWithoutProxies,
-      // TODO: fix the proxy api server
-      // ANTHROPIC_API_KEY: apiConfig.apiKey,
-      // ANTHROPIC_AUTH_TOKEN: apiConfig.apiKey,
-      // ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL: `http://${apiConfig.host}:${apiConfig.port}/${modelInfo.provider.id}`,
-      ANTHROPIC_API_KEY: modelInfo.provider.apiKey,
-      ANTHROPIC_AUTH_TOKEN: modelInfo.provider.apiKey,
-      ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL: modelInfo.provider.anthropicApiHost?.trim() || modelInfo.provider.apiHost,
+      ANTHROPIC_API_KEY: apiConfig.apiKey,
+      ANTHROPIC_AUTH_TOKEN: apiConfig.apiKey,
+      ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL: `http://${apiConfig.host}:${apiConfig.port}/${modelInfo.provider.id}`,
       ANTHROPIC_MODEL: modelInfo.modelId,
       ANTHROPIC_DEFAULT_OPUS_MODEL: modelInfo.modelId,
       ANTHROPIC_DEFAULT_SONNET_MODEL: modelInfo.modelId,
       // TODO: support set small model in UI
       ANTHROPIC_DEFAULT_HAIKU_MODEL: modelInfo.modelId,
       ELECTRON_RUN_AS_NODE: '1',
-      ELECTRON_NO_ATTACH_CONSOLE: '1'
+      ELECTRON_NO_ATTACH_CONSOLE: '1',
+      // Set CLAUDE_CONFIG_DIR to app's userData directory to avoid path encoding issues
+      // on Windows when the username contains non-ASCII characters (e.g., Chinese characters)
+      // This prevents the SDK from using the user's home directory which may have encoding problems
+      CLAUDE_CONFIG_DIR: path.join(app.getPath('userData'), '.claude')
     }
 
     const errorChunks: string[] = []
@@ -534,6 +534,19 @@ class ClaudeCodeService implements AgentServiceInterface {
         return
       }
 
+      // Skip emitting error if stream already finished (error was handled via result message)
+      if (streamState.isFinished()) {
+        logger.debug('SDK process exited after stream finished, skipping duplicate error event', {
+          duration,
+          error: errorObj instanceof Error ? { name: errorObj.name, message: errorObj.message } : String(errorObj)
+        })
+        // Still emit complete to signal stream end
+        stream.emit('data', {
+          type: 'complete'
+        })
+        return
+      }
+
       errorChunks.push(errorObj instanceof Error ? errorObj.message : String(errorObj))
       const errorMessage = errorChunks.join('\n\n')
       logger.error('SDK query failed', {

src/main/services/agents/services/claudecode/transform.ts

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ export function transformSDKMessageToStreamParts(sdkMessage: SDKMessage, state:
     case 'system':
       return handleSystemMessage(sdkMessage)
     case 'result':
-      return handleResultMessage(sdkMessage)
+      return handleResultMessage(sdkMessage, state)
     default:
       logger.warn('Unknown SDKMessage type', { type: (sdkMessage as any).type })
       return []
@@ -193,6 +193,30 @@ function handleAssistantMessage(
         }
         break
       }
+      case 'thinking':
+      case 'redacted_thinking': {
+        const thinkingText = block.type === 'thinking' ? block.thinking : block.data
+        if (thinkingText) {
+          const id = generateMessageId()
+          chunks.push({
+            type: 'reasoning-start',
+            id,
+            providerMetadata
+          })
+          chunks.push({
+            type: 'reasoning-delta',
+            id,
+            text: thinkingText,
+            providerMetadata
+          })
+          chunks.push({
+            type: 'reasoning-end',
+            id,
+            providerMetadata
+          })
+        }
+        break
+      }
       case 'tool_use':
         handleAssistantToolUse(block as ToolUseContent, providerMetadata, state, chunks)
         break
@@ -445,7 +469,11 @@ function handleStreamEvent(
     case 'content_block_stop': {
       const block = state.closeBlock(event.index)
       if (!block) {
-        logger.warn('Received content_block_stop for unknown index', { index: event.index })
+        // Some providers (e.g., Gemini) send content via assistant message before stream events,
+        // so the block may not exist in state. This is expected behavior, not an error.
+        logger.debug('Received content_block_stop for unknown index (may be from non-streaming content)', {
+          index: event.index
+        })
         break
       }
 
@@ -679,7 +707,13 @@ function handleSystemMessage(message: Extract<SDKMessage, { type: 'system' }>):
  * Successful runs yield a `finish` frame with aggregated usage metrics, while
  * failures are surfaced as `error` frames.
  */
-function handleResultMessage(message: Extract<SDKMessage, { type: 'result' }>): AgentStreamPart[] {
+function handleResultMessage(
+  message: Extract<SDKMessage, { type: 'result' }>,
+  state: ClaudeStreamState
+): AgentStreamPart[] {
+  // Mark stream as finished to prevent duplicate error events when SDK process exits
+  state.markFinished()
+
   const chunks: AgentStreamPart[] = []
 
   let usage: LanguageModelUsage | undefined
@@ -691,7 +725,6 @@ function handleResultMessage(message: Extract<SDKMessage, { type: 'result' }>):
     }
   }
 
-  if (message.subtype === 'success') {
   chunks.push({
     type: 'finish',
     totalUsage: usage ?? emptyUsage,
@@ -704,13 +737,21 @@ function handleResultMessage(message: Extract<SDKMessage, { type: 'result' }>):
       raw: message
     }
   } as AgentStreamPart)
-  } else {
+  if (message.subtype !== 'success') {
     chunks.push({
       type: 'error',
       error: {
         message: `${message.subtype}: Process failed after ${message.num_turns} turns`
       }
     } as AgentStreamPart)
+  } else {
+    if (message.is_error) {
+      const errorMatch = message.result.match(/\{.*\}/)
+      if (errorMatch) {
+        const errorDetail = JSON.parse(errorMatch[0])
+        chunks.push(errorDetail)
+      }
+    }
   }
   return chunks
 }

src/main/utils/__tests__/mcp.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { buildFunctionCallToolName } from '../mcp'
+
+describe('buildFunctionCallToolName', () => {
+  describe('basic functionality', () => {
+    it('should combine server name and tool name', () => {
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName('github', 'search_issues')
+      expect(result).toContain('github')
+      expect(result).toContain('search')
+    })
+
+    it('should sanitize names by replacing dashes with underscores', () => {
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName('my-server', 'my-tool')
+      // Input dashes are replaced, but the separator between server and tool is a dash
+      expect(result).toBe('my_serv-my_tool')
+      expect(result).toContain('_')
+    })
+
+    it('should handle empty server names gracefully', () => {
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName('', 'tool')
+      expect(result).toBeTruthy()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('uniqueness with serverId', () => {
+    it('should generate different IDs for same server name but different serverIds', () => {
+      const serverId1 = 'server-id-123456'
+      const serverId2 = 'server-id-789012'
+      const serverName = 'github'
+      const toolName = 'search_repos'
+
+      const result1 = buildFunctionCallToolName(serverName, toolName, serverId1)
+      const result2 = buildFunctionCallToolName(serverName, toolName, serverId2)
+
+      expect(result1).not.toBe(result2)
+      expect(result1).toContain('123456')
+      expect(result2).toContain('789012')
+    })
+
+    it('should generate same ID when serverId is not provided', () => {
+      const serverName = 'github'
+      const toolName = 'search_repos'
+
+      const result1 = buildFunctionCallToolName(serverName, toolName)
+      const result2 = buildFunctionCallToolName(serverName, toolName)
+
+      expect(result1).toBe(result2)
+    })
+
+    it('should include serverId suffix when provided', () => {
+      const serverId = 'abc123def456'
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName('server', 'tool', serverId)
+
+      // Should include last 6 chars of serverId
+      expect(result).toContain('ef456')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('character sanitization', () => {
+    it('should replace invalid characters with underscores', () => {
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName('test@server', 'tool#name')
+      expect(result).not.toMatch(/[@#]/)
+      expect(result).toMatch(/^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$/)
+    })
+
+    it('should ensure name starts with a letter', () => {
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName('123server', '456tool')
+      expect(result).toMatch(/^[a-zA-Z]/)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle consecutive underscores/dashes', () => {
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName('my--server', 'my__tool')
+      expect(result).not.toMatch(/[_-]{2,}/)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('length constraints', () => {
+    it('should truncate names longer than 63 characters', () => {
+      const longServerName = 'a'.repeat(50)
+      const longToolName = 'b'.repeat(50)
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName(longServerName, longToolName, 'id123456')
+
+      expect(result.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(63)
+    })
+
+    it('should not end with underscore or dash after truncation', () => {
+      const longServerName = 'a'.repeat(50)
+      const longToolName = 'b'.repeat(50)
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName(longServerName, longToolName, 'id123456')
+
+      expect(result).not.toMatch(/[_-]$/)
+    })
+
+    it('should preserve serverId suffix even with long server/tool names', () => {
+      const longServerName = 'a'.repeat(50)
+      const longToolName = 'b'.repeat(50)
+      const serverId = 'server-id-xyz789'
+
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName(longServerName, longToolName, serverId)
+
+      // The suffix should be preserved and not truncated
+      expect(result).toContain('xyz789')
+      expect(result.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(63)
+    })
+
+    it('should ensure two long-named servers with different IDs produce different results', () => {
+      const longServerName = 'a'.repeat(50)
+      const longToolName = 'b'.repeat(50)
+      const serverId1 = 'server-id-abc123'
+      const serverId2 = 'server-id-def456'
+
+      const result1 = buildFunctionCallToolName(longServerName, longToolName, serverId1)
+      const result2 = buildFunctionCallToolName(longServerName, longToolName, serverId2)
+
+      // Both should be within limit
+      expect(result1.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(63)
+      expect(result2.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(63)
+
+      // They should be different due to preserved suffix
+      expect(result1).not.toBe(result2)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('edge cases with serverId', () => {
+    it('should handle serverId with only non-alphanumeric characters', () => {
+      const serverId = '------' // All dashes
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName('server', 'tool', serverId)
+
+      // Should still produce a valid unique suffix via fallback hash
+      expect(result).toBeTruthy()
+      expect(result.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(63)
+      expect(result).toMatch(/^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*$/)
+      // Should have a suffix (underscore followed by something)
+      expect(result).toMatch(/_[a-z0-9]+$/)
+    })
+
+    it('should produce different results for different non-alphanumeric serverIds', () => {
+      const serverId1 = '------'
+      const serverId2 = '!!!!!!'
+
+      const result1 = buildFunctionCallToolName('server', 'tool', serverId1)
+      const result2 = buildFunctionCallToolName('server', 'tool', serverId2)
+
+      // Should be different because the hash fallback produces different values
+      expect(result1).not.toBe(result2)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle empty string serverId differently from undefined', () => {
+      const resultWithEmpty = buildFunctionCallToolName('server', 'tool', '')
+      const resultWithUndefined = buildFunctionCallToolName('server', 'tool', undefined)
+
+      // Empty string is falsy, so both should behave the same (no suffix)
+      expect(resultWithEmpty).toBe(resultWithUndefined)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle serverId with mixed alphanumeric and special chars', () => {
+      const serverId = 'ab@#cd' // Mixed chars, last 6 chars contain some alphanumeric
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName('server', 'tool', serverId)
+
+      // Should extract alphanumeric chars: 'abcd' from 'ab@#cd'
+      expect(result).toContain('abcd')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('real-world scenarios', () => {
+    it('should handle GitHub MCP server instances correctly', () => {
+      const serverName = 'github'
+      const toolName = 'search_repositories'
+
+      const githubComId = 'server-github-com-abc123'
+      const gheId = 'server-ghe-internal-xyz789'
+
+      const tool1 = buildFunctionCallToolName(serverName, toolName, githubComId)
+      const tool2 = buildFunctionCallToolName(serverName, toolName, gheId)
+
+      // Should be different
+      expect(tool1).not.toBe(tool2)
+
+      // Both should be valid identifiers
+      expect(tool1).toMatch(/^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*$/)
+      expect(tool2).toMatch(/^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*$/)
+
+      // Both should be <= 63 chars
+      expect(tool1.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(63)
+      expect(tool2.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(63)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle tool names that already include server name prefix', () => {
+      const result = buildFunctionCallToolName('github', 'github_search_repos')
+      expect(result).toBeTruthy()
+      // Should not double the server name
+      expect(result.split('github').length - 1).toBeLessThanOrEqual(2)
+    })
+  })
+})

src/main/utils/mcp.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,25 @@
-export function buildFunctionCallToolName(serverName: string, toolName: string) {
+export function buildFunctionCallToolName(serverName: string, toolName: string, serverId?: string) {
   const sanitizedServer = serverName.trim().replace(/-/g, '_')
   const sanitizedTool = toolName.trim().replace(/-/g, '_')
 
+  // Calculate suffix first to reserve space for it
+  // Suffix format: "_" + 6 alphanumeric chars = 7 chars total
+  let serverIdSuffix = ''
+  if (serverId) {
+    // Take the last 6 characters of the serverId for brevity
+    serverIdSuffix = serverId.slice(-6).replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/g, '')
+
+    // Fallback: if suffix becomes empty (all non-alphanumeric chars), use a simple hash
+    if (!serverIdSuffix) {
+      const hash = serverId.split('').reduce((acc, char) => acc + char.charCodeAt(0), 0)
+      serverIdSuffix = hash.toString(36).slice(-6) || 'x'
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Reserve space for suffix when calculating max base name length
+  const SUFFIX_LENGTH = serverIdSuffix ? serverIdSuffix.length + 1 : 0 // +1 for underscore
+  const MAX_BASE_LENGTH = 63 - SUFFIX_LENGTH
+
   // Combine server name and tool name
   let name = sanitizedTool
   if (!sanitizedTool.includes(sanitizedServer.slice(0, 7))) {
@@ -20,9 +38,9 @@ export function buildFunctionCallToolName(serverName: string, toolName: string)
   // Remove consecutive underscores/dashes (optional improvement)
   name = name.replace(/[_-]{2,}/g, '_')
 
-  // Truncate to 63 characters maximum
-  if (name.length > 63) {
-    name = name.slice(0, 63)
+  // Truncate base name BEFORE adding suffix to ensure suffix is never cut off
+  if (name.length > MAX_BASE_LENGTH) {
+    name = name.slice(0, MAX_BASE_LENGTH)
   }
 
   // Handle edge case: ensure we still have a valid name if truncation left invalid chars at edges
@@ -30,5 +48,10 @@ export function buildFunctionCallToolName(serverName: string, toolName: string)
     name = name.slice(0, -1)
   }
 
+  // Now append the suffix - it will always fit within 63 chars
+  if (serverIdSuffix) {
+    name = `${name}_${serverIdSuffix}`
+  }
+
   return name
 }

src/renderer/src/aiCore/chunk/handleToolCallChunk.ts

@@ -212,8 +212,9 @@ export class ToolCallChunkHandler {
         description: toolName,
         type: 'builtin'
       } as BaseTool
-    } else if ((mcpTool = this.mcpTools.find((t) => t.name === toolName) as MCPTool)) {
+    } else if ((mcpTool = this.mcpTools.find((t) => t.id === toolName) as MCPTool)) {
       // 如果是客户端执行的 MCP 工具，沿用现有逻辑
+      // toolName is mcpTool.id (registered with id as key in convertMcpToolsToAiSdkTools)
       logger.info(`[ToolCallChunkHandler] Handling client-side MCP tool: ${toolName}`)
       // mcpTool = this.mcpTools.find((t) => t.name === toolName) as MCPTool
       // if (!mcpTool) {

src/renderer/src/aiCore/legacy/clients/BaseApiClient.ts

@@ -405,6 +405,9 @@ export abstract class BaseApiClient<
         if (!param.name?.trim()) {
           return acc
         }
+        // Parse JSON type parameters (Legacy API clients)
+        // Related: src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AssistantSettings/AssistantModelSettings.tsx:133-148
+        // The UI stores JSON type params as strings, this function parses them before sending to API
         if (param.type === 'json') {
           const value = param.value as string
           if (value === 'undefined') {

src/renderer/src/aiCore/legacy/clients/gemini/GeminiAPIClient.ts

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ import type {
   GeminiSdkRawOutput,
   GeminiSdkToolCall
 } from '@renderer/types/sdk'
+import { getTrailingApiVersion, withoutTrailingApiVersion } from '@renderer/utils'
 import { isToolUseModeFunction } from '@renderer/utils/assistant'
 import {
   geminiFunctionCallToMcpTool,
@@ -163,6 +164,10 @@ export class GeminiAPIClient extends BaseApiClient<
     return models
   }
 
+  override getBaseURL(): string {
+    return withoutTrailingApiVersion(super.getBaseURL())
+  }
+
   override async getSdkInstance() {
     if (this.sdkInstance) {
       return this.sdkInstance
@@ -188,6 +193,13 @@ export class GeminiAPIClient extends BaseApiClient<
     if (this.provider.isVertex) {
       return 'v1'
     }
+
+    // Extract trailing API version from the URL
+    const trailingVersion = getTrailingApiVersion(this.provider.apiHost || '')
+    if (trailingVersion) {
+      return trailingVersion
+    }
+
     return 'v1beta'
   }
 

src/renderer/src/aiCore/legacy/clients/gemini/VertexAPIClient.ts

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ export class VertexAPIClient extends GeminiAPIClient {
     this.anthropicVertexClient = new AnthropicVertexClient(provider)
     // 如果传入的是普通 Provider，转换为 VertexProvider
     if (isVertexProvider(provider)) {
-      this.vertexProvider = provider
+      this.vertexProvider = provider as VertexProvider
     } else {
       this.vertexProvider = createVertexProvider(provider)
     }

src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder.ts

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import type { MCPTool } from '@renderer/types'
 import { type Assistant, type Message, type Model, type Provider, SystemProviderIds } from '@renderer/types'
 import type { Chunk } from '@renderer/types/chunk'
 import { isSupportEnableThinkingProvider } from '@renderer/utils/provider'
+import { openrouterReasoningMiddleware, skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware } from '@shared/middleware'
 import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'
 import { extractReasoningMiddleware, simulateStreamingMiddleware } from 'ai'
 import { isEmpty } from 'lodash'
@@ -13,9 +14,7 @@ import { getAiSdkProviderId } from '../provider/factory'
 import { isOpenRouterGeminiGenerateImageModel } from '../utils/image'
 import { noThinkMiddleware } from './noThinkMiddleware'
 import { openrouterGenerateImageMiddleware } from './openrouterGenerateImageMiddleware'
-import { openrouterReasoningMiddleware } from './openrouterReasoningMiddleware'
 import { qwenThinkingMiddleware } from './qwenThinkingMiddleware'
-import { skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware } from './skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware'
 import { toolChoiceMiddleware } from './toolChoiceMiddleware'
 
 const logger = loggerService.withContext('AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder')

src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/openrouterReasoningMiddleware.ts

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-import type { LanguageModelV2StreamPart } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
-import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'
-
-/**
- * https://openrouter.ai/docs/docs/best-practices/reasoning-tokens#example-preserving-reasoning-blocks-with-openrouter-and-claude
- *
- * @returns LanguageModelMiddleware - a middleware filter redacted block
- */
-export function openrouterReasoningMiddleware(): LanguageModelMiddleware {
-  const REDACTED_BLOCK = '[REDACTED]'
-  return {
-    middlewareVersion: 'v2',
-    wrapGenerate: async ({ doGenerate }) => {
-      const { content, ...rest } = await doGenerate()
-      const modifiedContent = content.map((part) => {
-        if (part.type === 'reasoning' && part.text.includes(REDACTED_BLOCK)) {
-          return {
-            ...part,
-            text: part.text.replace(REDACTED_BLOCK, '')
-          }
-        }
-        return part
-      })
-      return { content: modifiedContent, ...rest }
-    },
-    wrapStream: async ({ doStream }) => {
-      const { stream, ...rest } = await doStream()
-      return {
-        stream: stream.pipeThrough(
-          new TransformStream<LanguageModelV2StreamPart, LanguageModelV2StreamPart>({
-            transform(
-              chunk: LanguageModelV2StreamPart,
-              controller: TransformStreamDefaultController<LanguageModelV2StreamPart>
-            ) {
-              if (chunk.type === 'reasoning-delta' && chunk.delta.includes(REDACTED_BLOCK)) {
-                controller.enqueue({
-                  ...chunk,
-                  delta: chunk.delta.replace(REDACTED_BLOCK, '')
-                })
-              } else {
-                controller.enqueue(chunk)
-              }
-            }
-          })
-        ),
-        ...rest
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}

src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware.ts

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'
-
-/**
- * skip Gemini Thought Signature Middleware
- * 由于多模型客户端请求的复杂性（可以中途切换其他模型），这里选择通过中间件方式添加跳过所有 Gemini3 思考签名
- * Due to the complexity of multi-model client requests (which can switch to other models mid-process),
- * it was decided to add a skip for all Gemini3 thinking signatures via middleware.
- * @param aiSdkId AI SDK Provider ID
- * @returns LanguageModelMiddleware
- */
-export function skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware(aiSdkId: string): LanguageModelMiddleware {
-  const MAGIC_STRING = 'skip_thought_signature_validator'
-  return {
-    middlewareVersion: 'v2',
-
-    transformParams: async ({ params }) => {
-      const transformedParams = { ...params }
-      // Process messages in prompt
-      if (transformedParams.prompt && Array.isArray(transformedParams.prompt)) {
-        transformedParams.prompt = transformedParams.prompt.map((message) => {
-          if (typeof message.content !== 'string') {
-            for (const part of message.content) {
-              const googleOptions = part?.providerOptions?.[aiSdkId]
-              if (googleOptions?.thoughtSignature) {
-                googleOptions.thoughtSignature = MAGIC_STRING
-              }
-            }
-          }
-          return message
-        })
-      }
-
-      return transformedParams
-    }
-  }
-}

src/renderer/src/aiCore/prepareParams/header.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { isAwsBedrockProvider, isVertexProvider } from '@renderer/utils/provider
 // https://docs.claude.com/en/docs/build-with-claude/extended-thinking#interleaved-thinking
 const INTERLEAVED_THINKING_HEADER = 'interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14'
 // https://docs.claude.com/en/docs/build-with-claude/context-windows#1m-token-context-window
-const CONTEXT_100M_HEADER = 'context-1m-2025-08-07'
+// const CONTEXT_100M_HEADER = 'context-1m-2025-08-07'
 // https://docs.cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/generative-ai/docs/partner-models/claude/web-search
 const WEBSEARCH_HEADER = 'web-search-2025-03-05'
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export function addAnthropicHeaders(assistant: Assistant, model: Model): string[
   if (
     isClaude45ReasoningModel(model) &&
     isToolUseModeFunction(assistant) &&
-    !(isVertexProvider(provider) && isAwsBedrockProvider(provider))
+    !(isVertexProvider(provider) || isAwsBedrockProvider(provider))
   ) {
     anthropicHeaders.push(INTERLEAVED_THINKING_HEADER)
   }
@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ export function addAnthropicHeaders(assistant: Assistant, model: Model): string[
     if (isVertexProvider(provider) && assistant.enableWebSearch) {
       anthropicHeaders.push(WEBSEARCH_HEADER)
     }
-    anthropicHeaders.push(CONTEXT_100M_HEADER)
+    // We may add it by user preference in assistant.settings instead of always adding it.
+    // See #11540, #11397
+    // anthropicHeaders.push(CONTEXT_100M_HEADER)
   }
   return anthropicHeaders
 }

src/renderer/src/aiCore/prepareParams/parameterBuilder.ts

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import { type Assistant, type MCPTool, type Provider } from '@renderer/types'
 import type { StreamTextParams } from '@renderer/types/aiCoreTypes'
 import { mapRegexToPatterns } from '@renderer/utils/blacklistMatchPattern'
 import { replacePromptVariables } from '@renderer/utils/prompt'
+import { isAwsBedrockProvider } from '@renderer/utils/provider'
 import type { ModelMessage, Tool } from 'ai'
 import { stepCountIs } from 'ai'
 
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ export async function buildStreamTextParams(
 
   let headers: Record<string, string | undefined> = options.requestOptions?.headers ?? {}
 
-  if (isAnthropicModel(model)) {
+  if (isAnthropicModel(model) && !isAwsBedrockProvider(provider)) {
     const newBetaHeaders = { 'anthropic-beta': addAnthropicHeaders(assistant, model).join(',') }
     headers = combineHeaders(headers, newBetaHeaders)
   }

src/renderer/src/aiCore/provider/__tests__/integratedRegistry.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { Provider } from '@renderer/types'
+import type { Model, Provider } from '@renderer/types'
 import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
 
 import { getAiSdkProviderId } from '../factory'
@@ -68,6 +68,18 @@ function createTestProvider(id: string, type: string): Provider {
   } as Provider
 }
 
+function createAzureProvider(id: string, apiVersion?: string, model?: string): Provider {
+  return {
+    id,
+    type: 'azure-openai',
+    name: `Azure Test ${id}`,
+    apiKey: 'azure-test-key',
+    apiHost: 'azure-test-host',
+    apiVersion,
+    models: [{ id: model || 'gpt-4' } as Model]
+  }
+}
+
 describe('Integrated Provider Registry', () => {
   describe('Provider ID Resolution', () => {
     it('should resolve openrouter provider correctly', () => {
@@ -111,6 +123,24 @@ describe('Integrated Provider Registry', () => {
       const result = getAiSdkProviderId(unknownProvider)
       expect(result).toBe('unknown-provider')
     })
+
+    it('should handle Azure OpenAI providers correctly', () => {
+      const azureProvider = createAzureProvider('azure-test', '2024-02-15', 'gpt-4o')
+      const result = getAiSdkProviderId(azureProvider)
+      expect(result).toBe('azure')
+    })
+
+    it('should handle Azure OpenAI providers response endpoint correctly', () => {
+      const azureProvider = createAzureProvider('azure-test', 'v1', 'gpt-4o')
+      const result = getAiSdkProviderId(azureProvider)
+      expect(result).toBe('azure-responses')
+    })
+
+    it('should handle Azure provider Claude Models', () => {
+      const provider = createTestProvider('azure-anthropic', 'anthropic')
+      const result = getAiSdkProviderId(provider)
+      expect(result).toBe('azure-anthropic')
+    })
   })
 
   describe('Backward Compatibility', () => {

src/renderer/src/aiCore/provider/__tests__/providerConfig.test.ts

@@ -24,7 +24,17 @@ vi.mock('@renderer/services/AssistantService', () => ({
 
 vi.mock('@renderer/store', () => ({
   default: {
-    getState: () => ({ copilot: { defaultHeaders: {} } })
+    getState: () => ({
+      copilot: { defaultHeaders: {} },
+      llm: {
+        settings: {
+          vertexai: {
+            projectId: 'test-project',
+            location: 'us-central1'
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    })
   }
 }))
 
@@ -33,7 +43,7 @@ vi.mock('@renderer/utils/api', () => ({
     if (isSupportedAPIVersion === false) {
       return host // Return host as-is when isSupportedAPIVersion is false
     }
-    return `${host}/v1` // Default behavior when isSupportedAPIVersion is true
+    return host ? `${host}/v1` : '' // Default behavior when isSupportedAPIVersion is true
   }),
   routeToEndpoint: vi.fn((host) => ({
     baseURL: host,
@@ -41,6 +51,20 @@ vi.mock('@renderer/utils/api', () => ({
   }))
 }))
 
+// Also mock @shared/api since formatProviderApiHost uses it directly
+vi.mock('@shared/api', async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = (await importOriginal()) as any
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    formatApiHost: vi.fn((host, isSupportedAPIVersion = true) => {
+      if (isSupportedAPIVersion === false) {
+        return host || '' // Return host as-is when isSupportedAPIVersion is false
+      }
+      return host ? `${host}/v1` : '' // Default behavior when isSupportedAPIVersion is true
+    })
+  }
+})
+
 vi.mock('@renderer/utils/provider', async (importOriginal) => {
   const actual = (await importOriginal()) as any
   return {
@@ -73,8 +97,8 @@ vi.mock('@renderer/services/AssistantService', () => ({
 
 import { getProviderByModel } from '@renderer/services/AssistantService'
 import type { Model, Provider } from '@renderer/types'
-import { formatApiHost } from '@renderer/utils/api'
 import { isCherryAIProvider, isPerplexityProvider } from '@renderer/utils/provider'
+import { formatApiHost } from '@shared/api'
 
 import { COPILOT_DEFAULT_HEADERS, COPILOT_EDITOR_VERSION, isCopilotResponsesModel } from '../constants'
 import { getActualProvider, providerToAiSdkConfig } from '../providerConfig'

src/renderer/src/aiCore/provider/config/azure-anthropic.ts

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-import type { Provider } from '@renderer/types'
-
-import { provider2Provider, startsWith } from './helper'
-import type { RuleSet } from './types'
-
-// https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/build-with-claude/claude-in-microsoft-foundry
-const AZURE_ANTHROPIC_RULES: RuleSet = {
-  rules: [
-    {
-      match: startsWith('claude'),
-      provider: (provider: Provider) => ({
-        ...provider,
-        type: 'anthropic',
-        apiHost: provider.apiHost + 'anthropic/v1',
-        id: 'azure-anthropic'
-      })
-    }
-  ],
-  fallbackRule: (provider: Provider) => provider
-}
-
-export const azureAnthropicProviderCreator = provider2Provider.bind(null, AZURE_ANTHROPIC_RULES)

src/renderer/src/aiCore/provider/config/helper.ts

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-import type { Model, Provider } from '@renderer/types'
-
-import type { RuleSet } from './types'
-
-export const startsWith = (prefix: string) => (model: Model) => model.id.toLowerCase().startsWith(prefix.toLowerCase())
-export const endpointIs = (type: string) => (model: Model) => model.endpoint_type === type
-
-/**
- * 解析模型对应的Provider
- * @param ruleSet 规则集对象
- * @param model 模型对象
- * @param provider 原始provider对象
- * @returns 解析出的provider对象
- */
-export function provider2Provider(ruleSet: RuleSet, model: Model, provider: Provider): Provider {
-  for (const rule of ruleSet.rules) {
-    if (rule.match(model)) {
-      return rule.provider(provider)
-    }
-  }
-  return ruleSet.fallbackRule(provider)
-}

src/renderer/src/aiCore/provider/config/index.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
-export { aihubmixProviderCreator } from './aihubmix'
-export { newApiResolverCreator } from './newApi'
-export { vertexAnthropicProviderCreator } from './vertext-anthropic'
+// Re-export from shared config
+export {
+  aihubmixProviderCreator,
+  azureAnthropicProviderCreator,
+  newApiResolverCreator,
+  vertexAnthropicProviderCreator
+} from '@shared/provider/config'

src/renderer/src/aiCore/provider/config/types.ts

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-import type { Model, Provider } from '@renderer/types'
-
-export interface RuleSet {
-  rules: Array<{
-    match: (model: Model) => boolean
-    provider: (provider: Provider) => Provider
-  }>
-  fallbackRule: (provider: Provider) => Provider
-}

src/renderer/src/aiCore/provider/config/vertext-anthropic.ts

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import type { Provider } from '@renderer/types'
-
-import { provider2Provider, startsWith } from './helper'
-import type { RuleSet } from './types'
-
-const VERTEX_ANTHROPIC_RULES: RuleSet = {
-  rules: [
-    {
-      match: startsWith('claude'),
-      provider: (provider: Provider) => ({
-        ...provider,
-        id: 'google-vertex-anthropic'
-      })
-    }
-  ],
-  fallbackRule: (provider: Provider) => provider
-}
-
-export const vertexAnthropicProviderCreator = provider2Provider.bind(null, VERTEX_ANTHROPIC_RULES)

src/renderer/src/aiCore/provider/constants.ts

@@ -1,25 +1 @@
-import type { Model } from '@renderer/types'
-
-export const COPILOT_EDITOR_VERSION = 'vscode/1.104.1'
-export const COPILOT_PLUGIN_VERSION = 'copilot-chat/0.26.7'
-export const COPILOT_INTEGRATION_ID = 'vscode-chat'
-export const COPILOT_USER_AGENT = 'GitHubCopilotChat/0.26.7'
-
-export const COPILOT_DEFAULT_HEADERS = {
-  'Copilot-Integration-Id': COPILOT_INTEGRATION_ID,
-  'User-Agent': COPILOT_USER_AGENT,
-  'Editor-Version': COPILOT_EDITOR_VERSION,
-  'Editor-Plugin-Version': COPILOT_PLUGIN_VERSION,
-  'editor-version': COPILOT_EDITOR_VERSION,
-  'editor-plugin-version': COPILOT_PLUGIN_VERSION,
-  'copilot-vision-request': 'true'
-} as const
-
-// Models that require the OpenAI Responses endpoint when routed through GitHub Copilot (#10560)
-const COPILOT_RESPONSES_MODEL_IDS = ['gpt-5-codex']
-
-export function isCopilotResponsesModel(model: Model): boolean {
-  const normalizedId = model.id?.trim().toLowerCase()
-  const normalizedName = model.name?.trim().toLowerCase()
-  return COPILOT_RESPONSES_MODEL_IDS.some((target) => normalizedId === target || normalizedName === target)
-}
+export { COPILOT_DEFAULT_HEADERS, COPILOT_EDITOR_VERSION, isCopilotResponsesModel } from '@shared/provider/constant'

src/renderer/src/aiCore/provider/factory.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-import { hasProviderConfigByAlias, type ProviderId, resolveProviderConfigId } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/provider'
 import { createProvider as createProviderCore } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/provider'
 import { loggerService } from '@logger'
 import type { Provider } from '@renderer/types'
-import { isAzureOpenAIProvider, isAzureResponsesEndpoint } from '@renderer/utils/provider'
+import { getAiSdkProviderId as sharedGetAiSdkProviderId } from '@shared/provider'
 import type { Provider as AiSdkProvider } from 'ai'
 
 import type { AiSdkConfig } from '../types'
@@ -22,68 +21,12 @@ const logger = loggerService.withContext('ProviderFactory')
   }
 })()
 
-/**
- * 静态Provider映射表
- * 处理Cherry Studio特有的provider ID到AI SDK标准ID的映射
- */
-const STATIC_PROVIDER_MAPPING: Record<string, ProviderId> = {
-  gemini: 'google', // Google Gemini -> google
-  'azure-openai': 'azure', // Azure OpenAI -> azure
-  'openai-response': 'openai', // OpenAI Responses -> openai
-  grok: 'xai', // Grok -> xai
-  copilot: 'github-copilot-openai-compatible'
-}
-
-/**
- * 尝试解析provider标识符（支持静态映射和别名）
- */
-function tryResolveProviderId(identifier: string): ProviderId | null {
-  // 1. 检查静态映射
-  const staticMapping = STATIC_PROVIDER_MAPPING[identifier]
-  if (staticMapping) {
-    return staticMapping
-  }
-
-  // 2. 检查AiCore是否支持（包括别名支持）
-  if (hasProviderConfigByAlias(identifier)) {
-    // 解析为真实的Provider ID
-    return resolveProviderConfigId(identifier) as ProviderId
-  }
-
-  return null
-}
-
 /**
  * 获取AI SDK Provider ID
- * 简化版：减少重复逻辑，利用通用解析函数
+ * Uses shared implementation with renderer-specific config checker
  */
 export function getAiSdkProviderId(provider: Provider): string {
-  // 1. 尝试解析provider.id
-  const resolvedFromId = tryResolveProviderId(provider.id)
-  if (isAzureOpenAIProvider(provider)) {
-    if (isAzureResponsesEndpoint(provider)) {
-      return 'azure-responses'
-    } else {
-      return 'azure'
-    }
-  }
-  if (resolvedFromId) {
-    return resolvedFromId
-  }
-
-  // 2. 尝试解析provider.type
-  // 会把所有类型为openai的自定义provider解析到aisdk的openaiProvider上
-  if (provider.type !== 'openai') {
-    const resolvedFromType = tryResolveProviderId(provider.type)
-    if (resolvedFromType) {
-      return resolvedFromType
-    }
-  }
-  if (provider.apiHost.includes('api.openai.com')) {
-    return 'openai-chat'
-  }
-  // 3. 最后的fallback（使用provider本身的id）
-  return provider.id
+  return sharedGetAiSdkProviderId(provider)
 }
 
 export async function createAiSdkProvider(config: AiSdkConfig): Promise<AiSdkProvider | null> {

src/renderer/src/aiCore/provider/providerConfig.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { formatPrivateKey, hasProviderConfig, ProviderConfigFactory } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/provider'
+import { hasProviderConfig } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/provider'
 import { isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel } from '@renderer/config/models'
 import {
   getAwsBedrockAccessKeyId,
@@ -10,22 +10,17 @@ import {
 import { createVertexProvider, isVertexAIConfigured } from '@renderer/hooks/useVertexAI'
 import { getProviderByModel } from '@renderer/services/AssistantService'
 import store from '@renderer/store'
-import { isSystemProvider, type Model, type Provider, SystemProviderIds } from '@renderer/types'
-import { formatApiHost, formatAzureOpenAIApiHost, formatVertexApiHost, routeToEndpoint } from '@renderer/utils/api'
+import { isSystemProvider, type Model, type Provider } from '@renderer/types'
 import {
-  isAnthropicProvider,
-  isAzureOpenAIProvider,
-  isCherryAIProvider,
-  isGeminiProvider,
-  isNewApiProvider,
-  isPerplexityProvider,
-  isVertexProvider
-} from '@renderer/utils/provider'
+  type AiSdkConfigContext,
+  formatProviderApiHost as sharedFormatProviderApiHost,
+  type ProviderFormatContext,
+  providerToAiSdkConfig as sharedProviderToAiSdkConfig,
+  resolveActualProvider
+} from '@shared/provider'
 import { cloneDeep } from 'lodash'
 
 import type { AiSdkConfig } from '../types'
-import { aihubmixProviderCreator, newApiResolverCreator, vertexAnthropicProviderCreator } from './config'
-import { azureAnthropicProviderCreator } from './config/azure-anthropic'
 import { COPILOT_DEFAULT_HEADERS } from './constants'
 import { getAiSdkProviderId } from './factory'
 
@@ -56,61 +51,51 @@ function getRotatedApiKey(provider: Provider): string {
 }
 
 /**
- * 处理特殊provider的转换逻辑
+ * Renderer-specific context for providerToAiSdkConfig
+ * Provides implementations using browser APIs, store, and hooks
  */
-function handleSpecialProviders(model: Model, provider: Provider): Provider {
-  if (isNewApiProvider(provider)) {
-    return newApiResolverCreator(model, provider)
+function createRendererSdkContext(model: Model): AiSdkConfigContext {
+  return {
+    getRotatedApiKey: (provider) => getRotatedApiKey(provider as Provider),
+    isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel: () => isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(model),
+    getCopilotDefaultHeaders: () => COPILOT_DEFAULT_HEADERS,
+    getCopilotStoredHeaders: () => store.getState().copilot.defaultHeaders ?? {},
+    getAwsBedrockConfig: () => {
+      const authType = getAwsBedrockAuthType()
+      return {
+        authType,
+        region: getAwsBedrockRegion(),
+        apiKey: authType === 'apiKey' ? getAwsBedrockApiKey() : undefined,
+        accessKeyId: authType === 'iam' ? getAwsBedrockAccessKeyId() : undefined,
+        secretAccessKey: authType === 'iam' ? getAwsBedrockSecretAccessKey() : undefined
       }
-
-  if (isSystemProvider(provider)) {
-    if (provider.id === 'aihubmix') {
-      return aihubmixProviderCreator(model, provider)
+    },
+    getVertexConfig: (provider) => {
+      if (!isVertexAIConfigured()) {
+        return undefined
       }
-    if (provider.id === 'vertexai') {
-      return vertexAnthropicProviderCreator(model, provider)
+      return createVertexProvider(provider as Provider)
+    },
+    getEndpointType: () => model.endpoint_type
   }
-  }
-  if (isAzureOpenAIProvider(provider)) {
-    return azureAnthropicProviderCreator(model, provider)
-  }
-  return provider
 }
 
 /**
  * 主要用来对齐AISdk的BaseURL格式
- * @param provider
- * @returns
+ * Uses shared implementation with renderer-specific context
  */
-function formatProviderApiHost(provider: Provider): Provider {
-  const formatted = { ...provider }
-  if (formatted.anthropicApiHost) {
-    formatted.anthropicApiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.anthropicApiHost)
+function getRendererFormatContext(): ProviderFormatContext {
+  const vertexSettings = store.getState().llm.settings.vertexai
+  return {
+    vertex: {
+      project: vertexSettings.projectId || 'default-project',
+      location: vertexSettings.location || 'us-central1'
     }
+  }
+}
 
-  if (isAnthropicProvider(provider)) {
-    const baseHost = formatted.anthropicApiHost || formatted.apiHost
-    // AI SDK needs /v1 in baseURL, Anthropic SDK will strip it in getSdkClient
-    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(baseHost)
-    if (!formatted.anthropicApiHost) {
-      formatted.anthropicApiHost = formatted.apiHost
-    }
-  } else if (formatted.id === SystemProviderIds.copilot || formatted.id === SystemProviderIds.github) {
-    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.apiHost, false)
-  } else if (isGeminiProvider(formatted)) {
-    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.apiHost, true, 'v1beta')
-  } else if (isAzureOpenAIProvider(formatted)) {
-    formatted.apiHost = formatAzureOpenAIApiHost(formatted.apiHost)
-  } else if (isVertexProvider(formatted)) {
-    formatted.apiHost = formatVertexApiHost(formatted)
-  } else if (isCherryAIProvider(formatted)) {
-    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.apiHost, false)
-  } else if (isPerplexityProvider(formatted)) {
-    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.apiHost, false)
-  } else {
-    formatted.apiHost = formatApiHost(formatted.apiHost)
-  }
-  return formatted
+function formatProviderApiHost(provider: Provider): Provider {
+  return sharedFormatProviderApiHost(provider, getRendererFormatContext())
 }
 
 /**
@@ -122,7 +107,9 @@ export function getActualProvider(model: Model): Provider {
 
   // 按顺序处理各种转换
   let actualProvider = cloneDeep(baseProvider)
-  actualProvider = handleSpecialProviders(model, actualProvider)
+  actualProvider = resolveActualProvider(actualProvider, model, {
+    isSystemProvider
+  }) as Provider
   actualProvider = formatProviderApiHost(actualProvider)
 
   return actualProvider
@@ -130,121 +117,11 @@ export function getActualProvider(model: Model): Provider {
 
 /**
  * 将 Provider 配置转换为新 AI SDK 格式
- * 简化版：利用新的别名映射系统
+ * Uses shared implementation with renderer-specific context
  */
 export function providerToAiSdkConfig(actualProvider: Provider, model: Model): AiSdkConfig {
-  const aiSdkProviderId = getAiSdkProviderId(actualProvider)
-
-  // 构建基础配置
-  const { baseURL, endpoint } = routeToEndpoint(actualProvider.apiHost)
-  const baseConfig = {
-    baseURL: baseURL,
-    apiKey: getRotatedApiKey(actualProvider)
-  }
-
-  const isCopilotProvider = actualProvider.id === SystemProviderIds.copilot
-  if (isCopilotProvider) {
-    const storedHeaders = store.getState().copilot.defaultHeaders ?? {}
-    const options = ProviderConfigFactory.fromProvider('github-copilot-openai-compatible', baseConfig, {
-      headers: {
-        ...COPILOT_DEFAULT_HEADERS,
-        ...storedHeaders,
-        ...actualProvider.extra_headers
-      },
-      name: actualProvider.id,
-      includeUsage: true
-    })
-
-    return {
-      providerId: 'github-copilot-openai-compatible',
-      options
-    }
-  }
-
-  // 处理OpenAI模式
-  const extraOptions: any = {}
-  extraOptions.endpoint = endpoint
-  if (actualProvider.type === 'openai-response' && !isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(model)) {
-    extraOptions.mode = 'responses'
-  } else if (aiSdkProviderId === 'openai' || (aiSdkProviderId === 'cherryin' && actualProvider.type === 'openai')) {
-    extraOptions.mode = 'chat'
-  }
-
-  // 添加额外headers
-  if (actualProvider.extra_headers) {
-    extraOptions.headers = actualProvider.extra_headers
-    // copy from openaiBaseClient/openaiResponseApiClient
-    if (aiSdkProviderId === 'openai') {
-      extraOptions.headers = {
-        ...extraOptions.headers,
-        'HTTP-Referer': 'https://cherry-ai.com',
-        'X-Title': 'Cherry Studio',
-        'X-Api-Key': baseConfig.apiKey
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  // azure
-  // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-foundry/openai/latest
-  // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-foundry/openai/how-to/responses?tabs=python-key#responses-api
-  if (aiSdkProviderId === 'azure-responses') {
-    extraOptions.mode = 'responses'
-  } else if (aiSdkProviderId === 'azure') {
-    extraOptions.mode = 'chat'
-  }
-
-  // bedrock
-  if (aiSdkProviderId === 'bedrock') {
-    const authType = getAwsBedrockAuthType()
-    extraOptions.region = getAwsBedrockRegion()
-
-    if (authType === 'apiKey') {
-      extraOptions.apiKey = getAwsBedrockApiKey()
-    } else {
-      extraOptions.accessKeyId = getAwsBedrockAccessKeyId()
-      extraOptions.secretAccessKey = getAwsBedrockSecretAccessKey()
-    }
-  }
-  // google-vertex
-  if (aiSdkProviderId === 'google-vertex' || aiSdkProviderId === 'google-vertex-anthropic') {
-    if (!isVertexAIConfigured()) {
-      throw new Error('VertexAI is not configured. Please configure project, location and service account credentials.')
-    }
-    const { project, location, googleCredentials } = createVertexProvider(actualProvider)
-    extraOptions.project = project
-    extraOptions.location = location
-    extraOptions.googleCredentials = {
-      ...googleCredentials,
-      privateKey: formatPrivateKey(googleCredentials.privateKey)
-    }
-    baseConfig.baseURL += aiSdkProviderId === 'google-vertex' ? '/publishers/google' : '/publishers/anthropic/models'
-  }
-
-  // cherryin
-  if (aiSdkProviderId === 'cherryin') {
-    if (model.endpoint_type) {
-      extraOptions.endpointType = model.endpoint_type
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (hasProviderConfig(aiSdkProviderId) && aiSdkProviderId !== 'openai-compatible') {
-    const options = ProviderConfigFactory.fromProvider(aiSdkProviderId, baseConfig, extraOptions)
-    return {
-      providerId: aiSdkProviderId,
-      options
-    }
-  }
-
-  // 否则fallback到openai-compatible
-  const options = ProviderConfigFactory.createOpenAICompatible(baseConfig.baseURL, baseConfig.apiKey)
-  return {
-    providerId: 'openai-compatible',
-    options: {
-      ...options,
-      name: actualProvider.id,
-      ...extraOptions,
-      includeUsage: true
-    }
-  }
+  const context = createRendererSdkContext(model)
+  return sharedProviderToAiSdkConfig(actualProvider, model.id, context) as AiSdkConfig
 }
 
 /**
@@ -287,13 +164,13 @@ export async function prepareSpecialProviderConfig(
       break
     }
     case 'cherryai': {
-      config.options.fetch = async (url, options) => {
+      config.options.fetch = async (url: RequestInfo | URL, options: RequestInit) => {
         // 在这里对最终参数进行签名
         const signature = await window.api.cherryai.generateSignature({
           method: 'POST',
           path: '/chat/completions',
           query: '',
-          body: JSON.parse(options.body)
+          body: JSON.parse(options.body as string)
         })
         return fetch(url, {
           ...options,

src/renderer/src/aiCore/provider/providerInitialization.ts

@@ -1,113 +1,13 @@
-import { type ProviderConfig, registerMultipleProviderConfigs } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/provider'
 import { loggerService } from '@logger'
+import { initializeSharedProviders, SHARED_PROVIDER_CONFIGS } from '@shared/provider'
 
 const logger = loggerService.withContext('ProviderConfigs')
 
-/**
- * 新Provider配置定义
- * 定义了需要动态注册的AI Providers
- */
-export const NEW_PROVIDER_CONFIGS: ProviderConfig[] = [
-  {
-    id: 'openrouter',
-    name: 'OpenRouter',
-    import: () => import('@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider'),
-    creatorFunctionName: 'createOpenRouter',
-    supportsImageGeneration: true,
-    aliases: ['openrouter']
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'google-vertex',
-    name: 'Google Vertex AI',
-    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/google-vertex/edge'),
-    creatorFunctionName: 'createVertex',
-    supportsImageGeneration: true,
-    aliases: ['vertexai']
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'google-vertex-anthropic',
-    name: 'Google Vertex AI Anthropic',
-    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/google-vertex/anthropic/edge'),
-    creatorFunctionName: 'createVertexAnthropic',
-    supportsImageGeneration: true,
-    aliases: ['vertexai-anthropic']
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'azure-anthropic',
-    name: 'Azure AI Anthropic',
-    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/anthropic'),
-    creatorFunctionName: 'createAnthropic',
-    supportsImageGeneration: false,
-    aliases: ['azure-anthropic']
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'github-copilot-openai-compatible',
-    name: 'GitHub Copilot OpenAI Compatible',
-    import: () => import('@opeoginni/github-copilot-openai-compatible'),
-    creatorFunctionName: 'createGitHubCopilotOpenAICompatible',
-    supportsImageGeneration: false,
-    aliases: ['copilot', 'github-copilot']
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'bedrock',
-    name: 'Amazon Bedrock',
-    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock'),
-    creatorFunctionName: 'createAmazonBedrock',
-    supportsImageGeneration: true,
-    aliases: ['aws-bedrock']
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'perplexity',
-    name: 'Perplexity',
-    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/perplexity'),
-    creatorFunctionName: 'createPerplexity',
-    supportsImageGeneration: false,
-    aliases: ['perplexity']
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'mistral',
-    name: 'Mistral',
-    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/mistral'),
-    creatorFunctionName: 'createMistral',
-    supportsImageGeneration: false,
-    aliases: ['mistral']
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'huggingface',
-    name: 'HuggingFace',
-    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/huggingface'),
-    creatorFunctionName: 'createHuggingFace',
-    supportsImageGeneration: true,
-    aliases: ['hf', 'hugging-face']
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'ai-gateway',
-    name: 'AI Gateway',
-    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/gateway'),
-    creatorFunctionName: 'createGateway',
-    supportsImageGeneration: true,
-    aliases: ['gateway']
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'cerebras',
-    name: 'Cerebras',
-    import: () => import('@ai-sdk/cerebras'),
-    creatorFunctionName: 'createCerebras',
-    supportsImageGeneration: false
-  }
-] as const
+export const NEW_PROVIDER_CONFIGS = SHARED_PROVIDER_CONFIGS
 
-/**
- * 初始化新的Providers
- * 使用aiCore的动态注册功能
- */
 export async function initializeNewProviders(): Promise<void> {
-  try {
-    const successCount = registerMultipleProviderConfigs(NEW_PROVIDER_CONFIGS)
-    if (successCount < NEW_PROVIDER_CONFIGS.length) {
-      logger.warn('Some providers failed to register. Check previous error logs.')
-    }
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('Failed to initialize new providers:', error as Error)
-  }
+  initializeSharedProviders({
+    warn: (message) => logger.warn(message),
+    error: (message, error) => logger.error(message, error)
+  })
 }

src/renderer/src/aiCore/trace/AiSdkSpanAdapter.ts

@@ -245,8 +245,8 @@ export class AiSdkSpanAdapter {
       'gen_ai.usage.output_tokens'
     ]
 
-    const completionTokens = attributes[inputsTokenKeys.find((key) => attributes[key]) || '']
-    const promptTokens = attributes[outputTokenKeys.find((key) => attributes[key]) || '']
+    const promptTokens = attributes[inputsTokenKeys.find((key) => attributes[key]) || '']
+    const completionTokens = attributes[outputTokenKeys.find((key) => attributes[key]) || '']
 
     if (completionTokens !== undefined || promptTokens !== undefined) {
       const usage: TokenUsage = {

src/renderer/src/aiCore/trace/__tests__/AiSdkSpanAdapter.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import type { Span } from '@opentelemetry/api'
+import { SpanKind, SpanStatusCode } from '@opentelemetry/api'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { AiSdkSpanAdapter } from '../AiSdkSpanAdapter'
+
+vi.mock('@logger', () => ({
+  loggerService: {
+    withContext: () => ({
+      debug: vi.fn(),
+      error: vi.fn(),
+      info: vi.fn(),
+      warn: vi.fn()
+    })
+  }
+}))
+
+describe('AiSdkSpanAdapter', () => {
+  const createMockSpan = (attributes: Record<string, unknown>): Span => {
+    const span = {
+      spanContext: () => ({
+        traceId: 'trace-id',
+        spanId: 'span-id'
+      }),
+      _attributes: attributes,
+      _events: [],
+      name: 'test span',
+      status: { code: SpanStatusCode.OK },
+      kind: SpanKind.CLIENT,
+      startTime: [0, 0] as [number, number],
+      endTime: [0, 1] as [number, number],
+      ended: true,
+      parentSpanId: '',
+      links: []
+    }
+    return span as unknown as Span
+  }
+
+  it('maps prompt and completion usage tokens to the correct fields', () => {
+    const attributes = {
+      'ai.usage.promptTokens': 321,
+      'ai.usage.completionTokens': 654
+    }
+
+    const span = createMockSpan(attributes)
+    const result = AiSdkSpanAdapter.convertToSpanEntity({ span })
+
+    expect(result.usage).toBeDefined()
+    expect(result.usage?.prompt_tokens).toBe(321)
+    expect(result.usage?.completion_tokens).toBe(654)
+    expect(result.usage?.total_tokens).toBe(975)
+  })
+})

src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/__tests__/mcp.test.ts

@@ -71,10 +71,11 @@ describe('mcp utils', () => {
       const result = setupToolsConfig(mcpTools)
 
       expect(result).not.toBeUndefined()
-      expect(Object.keys(result!)).toEqual(['test-tool'])
-      expect(result!['test-tool']).toHaveProperty('description')
-      expect(result!['test-tool']).toHaveProperty('inputSchema')
-      expect(result!['test-tool']).toHaveProperty('execute')
+      // Tools are now keyed by id (which includes serverId suffix) for uniqueness
+      expect(Object.keys(result!)).toEqual(['test-tool-1'])
+      expect(result!['test-tool-1']).toHaveProperty('description')
+      expect(result!['test-tool-1']).toHaveProperty('inputSchema')
+      expect(result!['test-tool-1']).toHaveProperty('execute')
     })
 
     it('should handle multiple MCP tools', () => {
@@ -109,7 +110,8 @@ describe('mcp utils', () => {
 
       expect(result).not.toBeUndefined()
       expect(Object.keys(result!)).toHaveLength(2)
-      expect(Object.keys(result!)).toEqual(['tool1', 'tool2'])
+      // Tools are keyed by id for uniqueness
+      expect(Object.keys(result!)).toEqual(['tool1-id', 'tool2-id'])
     })
   })
 
@@ -135,9 +137,10 @@ describe('mcp utils', () => {
 
       const result = convertMcpToolsToAiSdkTools(mcpTools)
 
-      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(['get-weather'])
+      // Tools are keyed by id for uniqueness when multiple server instances exist
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(['get-weather-id'])
 
-      const tool = result['get-weather'] as Tool
+      const tool = result['get-weather-id'] as Tool
       expect(tool.description).toBe('Get weather information')
       expect(tool.inputSchema).toBeDefined()
       expect(typeof tool.execute).toBe('function')
@@ -160,8 +163,8 @@ describe('mcp utils', () => {
 
       const result = convertMcpToolsToAiSdkTools(mcpTools)
 
-      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(['no-desc-tool'])
-      const tool = result['no-desc-tool'] as Tool
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(['no-desc-tool-id'])
+      const tool = result['no-desc-tool-id'] as Tool
       expect(tool.description).toBe('Tool from test-server')
     })
 
@@ -202,13 +205,13 @@ describe('mcp utils', () => {
 
       const result = convertMcpToolsToAiSdkTools(mcpTools)
 
-      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(['complex-tool'])
-      const tool = result['complex-tool'] as Tool
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(['complex-tool-id'])
+      const tool = result['complex-tool-id'] as Tool
       expect(tool.inputSchema).toBeDefined()
       expect(typeof tool.execute).toBe('function')
     })
 
-    it('should preserve tool names with special characters', () => {
+    it('should preserve tool id with special characters', () => {
       const mcpTools: MCPTool[] = [
         {
           id: 'special-tool-id',
@@ -225,7 +228,8 @@ describe('mcp utils', () => {
       ]
 
       const result = convertMcpToolsToAiSdkTools(mcpTools)
-      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(['tool_with-special.chars'])
+      // Tools are keyed by id for uniqueness
+      expect(Object.keys(result)).toEqual(['special-tool-id'])
     })
 
     it('should handle multiple tools with different schemas', () => {
@@ -276,10 +280,11 @@ describe('mcp utils', () => {
 
       const result = convertMcpToolsToAiSdkTools(mcpTools)
 
-      expect(Object.keys(result).sort()).toEqual(['boolean-tool', 'number-tool', 'string-tool'])
-      expect(result['string-tool']).toBeDefined()
-      expect(result['number-tool']).toBeDefined()
-      expect(result['boolean-tool']).toBeDefined()
+      // Tools are keyed by id for uniqueness
+      expect(Object.keys(result).sort()).toEqual(['boolean-tool-id', 'number-tool-id', 'string-tool-id'])
+      expect(result['string-tool-id']).toBeDefined()
+      expect(result['number-tool-id']).toBeDefined()
+      expect(result['boolean-tool-id']).toBeDefined()
     })
   })
 
@@ -310,7 +315,7 @@ describe('mcp utils', () => {
       ]
 
       const tools = convertMcpToolsToAiSdkTools(mcpTools)
-      const tool = tools['test-exec-tool'] as Tool
+      const tool = tools['test-exec-tool-id'] as Tool
       const result = await tool.execute!({}, { messages: [], abortSignal: undefined, toolCallId: 'test-call-123' })
 
       expect(requestToolConfirmation).toHaveBeenCalled()
@@ -343,7 +348,7 @@ describe('mcp utils', () => {
       ]
 
       const tools = convertMcpToolsToAiSdkTools(mcpTools)
-      const tool = tools['cancelled-tool'] as Tool
+      const tool = tools['cancelled-tool-id'] as Tool
       const result = await tool.execute!({}, { messages: [], abortSignal: undefined, toolCallId: 'cancel-call-123' })
 
       expect(requestToolConfirmation).toHaveBeenCalled()
@@ -385,7 +390,7 @@ describe('mcp utils', () => {
       ]
 
       const tools = convertMcpToolsToAiSdkTools(mcpTools)
-      const tool = tools['error-tool'] as Tool
+      const tool = tools['error-tool-id'] as Tool
 
       await expect(
         tool.execute!({}, { messages: [], abortSignal: undefined, toolCallId: 'error-call-123' })
@@ -421,7 +426,7 @@ describe('mcp utils', () => {
       ]
 
       const tools = convertMcpToolsToAiSdkTools(mcpTools)
-      const tool = tools['auto-approve-tool'] as Tool
+      const tool = tools['auto-approve-tool-id'] as Tool
       const result = await tool.execute!({}, { messages: [], abortSignal: undefined, toolCallId: 'auto-call-123' })
 
       expect(requestToolConfirmation).not.toHaveBeenCalled()

src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/__tests__/options.test.ts

@@ -154,6 +154,10 @@ vi.mock('../websearch', () => ({
   getWebSearchParams: vi.fn(() => ({ enable_search: true }))
 }))
 
+vi.mock('../../prepareParams/header', () => ({
+  addAnthropicHeaders: vi.fn(() => ['context-1m-2025-08-07'])
+}))
+
 const ensureWindowApi = () => {
   const globalWindow = window as any
   globalWindow.api = globalWindow.api || {}
@@ -633,5 +637,64 @@ describe('options utils', () => {
         expect(result.providerOptions).toHaveProperty('anthropic')
       })
     })
+
+    describe('AWS Bedrock provider', () => {
+      const bedrockProvider = {
+        id: 'bedrock',
+        name: 'AWS Bedrock',
+        type: 'aws-bedrock',
+        apiKey: 'test-key',
+        apiHost: 'https://bedrock.us-east-1.amazonaws.com',
+        models: [] as Model[]
+      } as Provider
+
+      const bedrockModel: Model = {
+        id: 'anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-20250514-v1:0',
+        name: 'Claude Sonnet 4',
+        provider: 'bedrock'
+      } as Model
+
+      it('should build basic Bedrock options', () => {
+        const result = buildProviderOptions(mockAssistant, bedrockModel, bedrockProvider, {
+          enableReasoning: false,
+          enableWebSearch: false,
+          enableGenerateImage: false
+        })
+
+        expect(result.providerOptions).toHaveProperty('bedrock')
+        expect(result.providerOptions.bedrock).toBeDefined()
+      })
+
+      it('should include anthropicBeta when Anthropic headers are needed', async () => {
+        const { addAnthropicHeaders } = await import('../../prepareParams/header')
+        vi.mocked(addAnthropicHeaders).mockReturnValue(['interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14', 'context-1m-2025-08-07'])
+
+        const result = buildProviderOptions(mockAssistant, bedrockModel, bedrockProvider, {
+          enableReasoning: false,
+          enableWebSearch: false,
+          enableGenerateImage: false
+        })
+
+        expect(result.providerOptions.bedrock).toHaveProperty('anthropicBeta')
+        expect(result.providerOptions.bedrock.anthropicBeta).toEqual([
+          'interleaved-thinking-2025-05-14',
+          'context-1m-2025-08-07'
+        ])
+      })
+
+      it('should include reasoning parameters when enabled', () => {
+        const result = buildProviderOptions(mockAssistant, bedrockModel, bedrockProvider, {
+          enableReasoning: true,
+          enableWebSearch: false,
+          enableGenerateImage: false
+        })
+
+        expect(result.providerOptions.bedrock).toHaveProperty('reasoningConfig')
+        expect(result.providerOptions.bedrock.reasoningConfig).toEqual({
+          type: 'enabled',
+          budgetTokens: 5000
+        })
+      })
+    })
   })
 })

src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/__tests__/reasoning.test.ts

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ describe('reasoning utils', () => {
       expect(result).toEqual({})
     })
 
-    it('should disable reasoning for OpenRouter when no reasoning effort set', async () => {
+    it('should not override reasoning for OpenRouter when reasoning effort undefined', async () => {
       const { isReasoningModel } = await import('@renderer/config/models')
 
       vi.mocked(isReasoningModel).mockReturnValue(true)
@@ -161,6 +161,29 @@ describe('reasoning utils', () => {
         settings: {}
       } as Assistant
 
+      const result = getReasoningEffort(assistant, model)
+      expect(result).toEqual({})
+    })
+
+    it('should disable reasoning for OpenRouter when reasoning effort explicitly none', async () => {
+      const { isReasoningModel } = await import('@renderer/config/models')
+
+      vi.mocked(isReasoningModel).mockReturnValue(true)
+
+      const model: Model = {
+        id: 'anthropic/claude-sonnet-4',
+        name: 'Claude Sonnet 4',
+        provider: SystemProviderIds.openrouter
+      } as Model
+
+      const assistant: Assistant = {
+        id: 'test',
+        name: 'Test',
+        settings: {
+          reasoning_effort: 'none'
+        }
+      } as Assistant
+
       const result = getReasoningEffort(assistant, model)
       expect(result).toEqual({ reasoning: { enabled: false, exclude: true } })
     })
@@ -269,7 +292,9 @@ describe('reasoning utils', () => {
       const assistant: Assistant = {
         id: 'test',
         name: 'Test',
-        settings: {}
+        settings: {
+          reasoning_effort: 'none'
+        }
       } as Assistant
 
       const result = getReasoningEffort(assistant, model)

src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/mcp.ts

@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ export function convertMcpToolsToAiSdkTools(mcpTools: MCPTool[]): ToolSet {
   const tools: ToolSet = {}
 
   for (const mcpTool of mcpTools) {
-    tools[mcpTool.name] = tool({
+    // Use mcpTool.id (which includes serverId suffix) to ensure uniqueness
+    // when multiple instances of the same MCP server type are configured
+    tools[mcpTool.id] = tool({
       description: mcpTool.description || `Tool from ${mcpTool.serverName}`,
       inputSchema: jsonSchema(mcpTool.inputSchema as JSONSchema7),
       execute: async (params, { toolCallId }) => {

src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/options.ts

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import { isSupportServiceTierProvider, isSupportVerbosityProvider } from '@rende
 import type { JSONValue } from 'ai'
 import { t } from 'i18next'
 
+import { addAnthropicHeaders } from '../prepareParams/header'
 import { getAiSdkProviderId } from '../provider/factory'
 import { buildGeminiGenerateImageParams } from './image'
 import {
@@ -469,6 +470,11 @@ function buildBedrockProviderOptions(
     }
   }
 
+  const betaHeaders = addAnthropicHeaders(assistant, model)
+  if (betaHeaders.length > 0) {
+    providerOptions.anthropicBeta = betaHeaders
+  }
+
   return providerOptions
 }
 

src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/reasoning.ts

@@ -16,10 +16,8 @@ import {
   isGPT5SeriesModel,
   isGPT51SeriesModel,
   isGrok4FastReasoningModel,
-  isGrokReasoningModel,
   isOpenAIDeepResearchModel,
   isOpenAIModel,
-  isOpenAIReasoningModel,
   isQwenAlwaysThinkModel,
   isQwenReasoningModel,
   isReasoningModel,
@@ -64,30 +62,22 @@ export function getReasoningEffort(assistant: Assistant, model: Model): Reasonin
   }
   const reasoningEffort = assistant?.settings?.reasoning_effort
 
-  // Handle undefined and 'none' reasoningEffort.
-  // TODO: They should be separated.
-  if (!reasoningEffort || reasoningEffort === 'none') {
-    // openrouter: use reasoning
-    if (model.provider === SystemProviderIds.openrouter) {
-      // Don't disable reasoning for Gemini models that support thinking tokens
-      if (isSupportedThinkingTokenGeminiModel(model) && !GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL_REGEX.test(model.id)) {
+  // reasoningEffort is not set, no extra reasoning setting
+  // Generally, for every model which supports reasoning control, the reasoning effort won't be undefined.
+  // It's for some reasoning models that don't support reasoning control, such as deepseek reasoner.
+  if (!reasoningEffort) {
     return {}
   }
+
+  // Handle 'none' reasoningEffort. It's explicitly off.
+  if (reasoningEffort === 'none') {
+    // openrouter: use reasoning
+    if (model.provider === SystemProviderIds.openrouter) {
       // 'none' is not an available value for effort for now.
       // I think they should resolve this issue soon, so I'll just go ahead and use this value.
       if (isGPT51SeriesModel(model) && reasoningEffort === 'none') {
         return { reasoning: { effort: 'none' } }
       }
-      // Don't disable reasoning for models that require it
-      if (
-        isGrokReasoningModel(model) ||
-        isOpenAIReasoningModel(model) ||
-        isQwenAlwaysThinkModel(model) ||
-        model.id.includes('seed-oss') ||
-        model.id.includes('minimax-m2')
-      ) {
-        return {}
-      }
       return { reasoning: { enabled: false, exclude: true } }
     }
 
@@ -101,11 +91,6 @@ export function getReasoningEffort(assistant: Assistant, model: Model): Reasonin
       return { enable_thinking: false }
     }
 
-    // claude
-    if (isSupportedThinkingTokenClaudeModel(model)) {
-      return {}
-    }
-
     // gemini
     if (isSupportedThinkingTokenGeminiModel(model)) {
       if (GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL_REGEX.test(model.id)) {
@@ -118,9 +103,11 @@ export function getReasoningEffort(assistant: Assistant, model: Model): Reasonin
             }
           }
         }
-      }
+      } else {
+        logger.warn(`Model ${model.id} cannot disable reasoning. Fallback to empty reasoning param.`)
         return {}
       }
+    }
 
     // use thinking, doubao, zhipu, etc.
     if (isSupportedThinkingTokenDoubaoModel(model) || isSupportedThinkingTokenZhipuModel(model)) {
@@ -139,6 +126,7 @@ export function getReasoningEffort(assistant: Assistant, model: Model): Reasonin
       }
     }
 
+    logger.warn(`Model ${model.id} doesn't match any disable reasoning behavior. Fallback to empty reasoning param.`)
     return {}
   }
 
@@ -293,6 +281,7 @@ export function getReasoningEffort(assistant: Assistant, model: Model): Reasonin
   }
 
   // OpenRouter models, use reasoning
+  // FIXME: duplicated openrouter handling. remove one
   if (model.provider === SystemProviderIds.openrouter) {
     if (isSupportedReasoningEffortModel(model) || isSupportedThinkingTokenModel(model)) {
       return {
@@ -684,6 +673,10 @@ export function getCustomParameters(assistant: Assistant): Record<string, any> {
       if (!param.name?.trim()) {
         return acc
       }
+      // Parse JSON type parameters
+      // Related: src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AssistantSettings/AssistantModelSettings.tsx:133-148
+      // The UI stores JSON type params as strings (e.g., '{"key":"value"}')
+      // This function parses them into objects before sending to the API
       if (param.type === 'json') {
         const value = param.value as string
         if (value === 'undefined') {

src/renderer/src/assets/styles/ant.css

@@ -215,6 +215,10 @@
   border-top: none !important;
 }
 
+.ant-collapse-header-text {
+  overflow-x: hidden;
+}
+
 .ant-slider .ant-slider-handle::after {
   box-shadow: 0 1px 4px 0px rgb(128 128 128 / 50%) !important;
 }

src/renderer/src/components/ImageViewer.tsx

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
 } from '@ant-design/icons'
 import { loggerService } from '@logger'
 import { download } from '@renderer/utils/download'
+import { convertImageToPng } from '@renderer/utils/image'
 import type { ImageProps as AntImageProps } from 'antd'
 import { Dropdown, Image as AntImage, Space } from 'antd'
 import { Base64 } from 'js-base64'
@@ -33,39 +34,38 @@ const ImageViewer: React.FC<ImageViewerProps> = ({ src, style, ...props }) => {
   // 复制图片到剪贴板
   const handleCopyImage = async (src: string) => {
     try {
+      let blob: Blob
+
       if (src.startsWith('data:')) {
         // 处理 base64 格式的图片
         const match = src.match(/^data:(image\/\w+);base64,(.+)$/)
         if (!match) throw new Error('Invalid base64 image format')
         const mimeType = match[1]
         const byteArray = Base64.toUint8Array(match[2])
-        const blob = new Blob([byteArray], { type: mimeType })
-        await navigator.clipboard.write([new ClipboardItem({ [mimeType]: blob })])
+        blob = new Blob([byteArray], { type: mimeType })
       } else if (src.startsWith('file://')) {
         // 处理本地文件路径
         const bytes = await window.api.fs.read(src)
         const mimeType = mime.getType(src) || 'application/octet-stream'
-        const blob = new Blob([bytes], { type: mimeType })
-        await navigator.clipboard.write([
-          new ClipboardItem({
-            [mimeType]: blob
-          })
-        ])
+        blob = new Blob([bytes], { type: mimeType })
       } else {
         // 处理 URL 格式的图片
         const response = await fetch(src)
-        const blob = await response.blob()
-
-        await navigator.clipboard.write([
-          new ClipboardItem({
-            [blob.type]: blob
-          })
-        ])
+        blob = await response.blob()
       }
 
+      // 统一转换为 PNG 以确保兼容性（剪贴板 API 不支持 JPEG）
+      const pngBlob = await convertImageToPng(blob)
+
+      const item = new ClipboardItem({
+        'image/png': pngBlob
+      })
+      await navigator.clipboard.write([item])
+
       window.toast.success(t('message.copy.success'))
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error('Failed to copy image:', error as Error)
+      const err = error as Error
+      logger.error(`Failed to copy image: ${err.message}`, { stack: err.stack })
       window.toast.error(t('message.copy.failed'))
     }
   }

src/renderer/src/components/Popups/SelectModelPopup/api-model-popup.tsx

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ const PopupContainer: React.FC<Props> = ({ model, apiFilter, modelFilter, showTa
   const [_searchText, setSearchText] = useState('')
   const searchText = useDeferredValue(_searchText)
   const { models, isLoading } = useApiModels(apiFilter)
-  const adaptedModels = models.map((model) => apiModelAdapter(model))
+  const adaptedModels = useMemo(() => models.map((model) => apiModelAdapter(model)), [models])
 
   // 当前选中的模型ID
   const currentModelId = model ? model.id : ''

src/renderer/src/config/models/__tests__/reasoning.test.ts

@@ -309,11 +309,14 @@ describe('Ling Models', () => {
 describe('Claude & regional providers', () => {
   it('identifies claude 4.5 variants', () => {
     expect(isClaude45ReasoningModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-sonnet-4.5-preview' }))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isClaude4SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-sonnet-4-5@20250929' }))).toBe(true)
     expect(isClaude45ReasoningModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3-sonnet' }))).toBe(false)
   })
 
   it('identifies claude 4 variants', () => {
     expect(isClaude4SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-opus-4' }))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isClaude4SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-sonnet-4@20250514' }))).toBe(true)
+    expect(isClaude4SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-20250514-v1:0' }))).toBe(true)
     expect(isClaude4SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-4.2-sonnet-variant' }))).toBe(false)
     expect(isClaude4SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3-haiku' }))).toBe(false)
   })

src/renderer/src/config/models/__tests__/utils.test.ts

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   isSupportVerbosityModel
 } from '../openai'
 import { isQwenMTModel } from '../qwen'
+import { isFunctionCallingModel } from '../tooluse'
 import {
   agentModelFilter,
   getModelSupportedVerbosity,
@@ -112,6 +113,7 @@ const textToImageMock = vi.mocked(isTextToImageModel)
 const generateImageMock = vi.mocked(isGenerateImageModel)
 const reasoningMock = vi.mocked(isOpenAIReasoningModel)
 const openAIWebSearchOnlyMock = vi.mocked(isOpenAIWebSearchChatCompletionOnlyModel)
+const isFunctionCallingModelMock = vi.mocked(isFunctionCallingModel)
 
 describe('model utils', () => {
   beforeEach(() => {
@@ -120,88 +122,274 @@ describe('model utils', () => {
     rerankMock.mockReturnValue(false)
     visionMock.mockReturnValue(true)
     textToImageMock.mockReturnValue(false)
-    generateImageMock.mockReturnValue(true)
+    generateImageMock.mockReturnValue(false)
     reasoningMock.mockReturnValue(false)
     openAIWebSearchOnlyMock.mockReturnValue(false)
   })
 
-  it('detects OpenAI LLM models through reasoning and GPT prefix', () => {
+  describe('OpenAI model detection', () => {
+    describe('isOpenAILLMModel', () => {
+      it('returns false for undefined model', () => {
         expect(isOpenAILLMModel(undefined as unknown as Model)).toBe(false)
-    expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-image' }))).toBe(false)
-
-    reasoningMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
-    expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'o1-preview' }))).toBe(true)
-
-    expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'GPT-5-turbo' }))).toBe(true)
       })
 
-  it('detects OpenAI models via GPT prefix or reasoning support', () => {
+      it('returns false for image generation models', () => {
+        expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-image' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+
+      it('returns true for reasoning models', () => {
+        reasoningMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
+        expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'o1-preview' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns true for GPT-prefixed models', () => {
+        expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'GPT-5-turbo' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isOpenAIModel', () => {
+      it('detects models via GPT prefix', () => {
         expect(isOpenAIModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4.1' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('detects models via reasoning support', () => {
         reasoningMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
         expect(isOpenAIModel(createModel({ id: 'o3' }))).toBe(true)
       })
-
-  it('evaluates support for flex service tier and alias helper', () => {
-    expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o3' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o3-mini' }))).toBe(false)
-    expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o4-mini' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportedFlexServiceTier(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
     })
 
-  it('detects verbosity support for GPT-5+ families', () => {
-    expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-chat' }))).toBe(false)
-    expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-preview' }))).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  it('limits verbosity controls for GPT-5 Pro models', () => {
-    const proModel = createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-pro' })
-    const previewModel = createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' })
-    expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(proModel)).toEqual([undefined, 'high'])
-    expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(previewModel)).toEqual([undefined, 'low', 'medium', 'high'])
-    expect(isGPT5ProModel(proModel)).toBe(true)
-    expect(isGPT5ProModel(previewModel)).toBe(false)
-  })
-
-  it('identifies OpenAI chat-completion-only models', () => {
+    describe('isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel', () => {
+      it('identifies chat-completion-only models', () => {
         expect(isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-search-preview' }))).toBe(true)
         expect(isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(createModel({ id: 'o1-mini' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for general models', () => {
         expect(isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
       })
-
-  it('filters unsupported OpenAI catalog entries', () => {
-    expect(isSupportedModel({ id: 'gpt-4', object: 'model' } as any)).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportedModel({ id: 'tts-1', object: 'model' } as any)).toBe(false)
+    })
   })
 
-  it('calculates temperature/top-p support correctly', () => {
+  describe('GPT-5 family detection', () => {
+    describe('isGPT5SeriesModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for GPT-5 models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for GPT-5.1 models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-preview' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isGPT51SeriesModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for GPT-5.1 models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT51SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-mini' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isGPT5SeriesReasoningModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for GPT-5 reasoning models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5SeriesReasoningModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+      it('returns false for gpt-5-chat', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5SeriesReasoningModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-chat' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isGPT5ProModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for GPT-5 Pro models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5ProModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-pro' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for non-Pro GPT-5 models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5ProModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Verbosity support', () => {
+    describe('isSupportVerbosityModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for GPT-5 models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for GPT-5 chat models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-chat' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+
+      it('returns true for GPT-5.1 models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-preview' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('getModelSupportedVerbosity', () => {
+      it('returns only "high" for GPT-5 Pro models', () => {
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-pro' }))).toEqual([undefined, 'high'])
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-pro-2025-10-06' }))).toEqual([undefined, 'high'])
+      })
+
+      it('returns all levels for non-Pro GPT-5 models', () => {
+        const previewModel = createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' })
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(previewModel)).toEqual([undefined, 'low', 'medium', 'high'])
+      })
+
+      it('returns all levels for GPT-5.1 models', () => {
+        const gpt51Model = createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-preview' })
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(gpt51Model)).toEqual([undefined, 'low', 'medium', 'high'])
+      })
+
+      it('returns only undefined for non-GPT-5 models', () => {
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toEqual([undefined])
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5' }))).toEqual([undefined])
+      })
+
+      it('returns only undefined for undefiend/null input', () => {
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(undefined)).toEqual([undefined])
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(null)).toEqual([undefined])
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Flex service tier support', () => {
+    describe('isSupportFlexServiceTierModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for supported models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o3' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o4-mini' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for unsupported models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o3-mini' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isSupportedFlexServiceTier', () => {
+      it('returns false for non-flex models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportedFlexServiceTier(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Temperature and top-p support', () => {
+    describe('isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP', () => {
+      it('returns true for reasoning models', () => {
         const model = createModel({ id: 'o1' })
         reasoningMock.mockReturnValue(true)
         expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(model)).toBe(true)
+      })
 
+      it('returns false for open weight models', () => {
         const openWeight = createModel({ id: 'gpt-oss-debug' })
         expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(openWeight)).toBe(false)
+      })
 
+      it('returns true for chat-only models without reasoning', () => {
         const chatOnly = createModel({ id: 'o1-preview' })
         reasoningMock.mockReturnValue(false)
         expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(chatOnly)).toBe(true)
+      })
 
+      it('returns true for Qwen MT models', () => {
         const qwenMt = createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-large', provider: 'aliyun' })
         expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(qwenMt)).toBe(true)
       })
-
-  it('handles gemma and gemini detections plus zhipu tagging', () => {
-    expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ id: 'Gemma-3-27B' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ group: 'Gemma' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
-
-    expect(isGeminiModel(createModel({ id: 'Gemini-2.0' }))).toBe(true)
-
-    expect(isZhipuModel(createModel({ provider: 'zhipu' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isZhipuModel(createModel({ provider: 'openai' }))).toBe(false)
+    })
   })
 
+  describe('Text delta support', () => {
+    describe('isNotSupportTextDeltaModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for qwen-mt-turbo and qwen-mt-plus models', () => {
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-turbo' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'Qwen-MT-Turbo' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'QWEN-MT-PLUS' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for qwen-mt-flash and other models', () => {
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-flash' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'Qwen-MT-Flash' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-turbo' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-plus' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-max' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen2.5-72b' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-vl-plus' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for non-qwen models', () => {
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'glm-4-plus' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+
+      it('handles models with version suffixes', () => {
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-turbo-1201' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus-0828' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-turbo-0828' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-plus-latest' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Model provider detection', () => {
+    describe('isGemmaModel', () => {
+      it('detects Gemma models by ID', () => {
+        expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ id: 'Gemma-3-27B' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('detects Gemma models by group', () => {
+        expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ group: 'Gemma' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for non-Gemma models', () => {
+        expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isGeminiModel', () => {
+      it('detects Gemini models', () => {
+        expect(isGeminiModel(createModel({ id: 'Gemini-2.0' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isZhipuModel', () => {
+      it('detects Zhipu models by provider', () => {
+        expect(isZhipuModel(createModel({ provider: 'zhipu' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for non-Zhipu models', () => {
+        expect(isZhipuModel(createModel({ provider: 'openai' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isAnthropicModel', () => {
+      it('detects Anthropic models', () => {
+        expect(isAnthropicModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isQwenMTModel', () => {
+      it('detects Qwen MT models', () => {
+        expect(isQwenMTModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isOpenAIOpenWeightModel', () => {
+      it('detects OpenAI open weight models', () => {
+        expect(isOpenAIOpenWeightModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-oss-free' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('System message support', () => {
+    describe('isNotSupportSystemMessageModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for models that do not support system messages', () => {
+        expect(isNotSupportSystemMessageModel(createModel({ id: 'gemma-moe' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Model grouping', () => {
+    describe('groupQwenModels', () => {
       it('groups qwen models by prefix', () => {
         const qwen = createModel({ id: 'Qwen-7B', provider: 'qwen', name: 'Qwen-7B' })
         const qwenOmni = createModel({ id: 'qwen2.5-omni', name: 'qwen2.5-omni' })
@@ -212,108 +400,109 @@ describe('model utils', () => {
         expect(Object.keys(grouped)).toContain('qwen2.5')
         expect(grouped.DeepSeek).toContain(other)
       })
-
-  it('aggregates boolean helpers based on regex rules', () => {
-    expect(isAnthropicModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isQwenMTModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isNotSupportSystemMessageModel(createModel({ id: 'gemma-moe' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isOpenAIOpenWeightModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-oss-free' }))).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  describe('isNotSupportedTextDelta', () => {
-    it('returns true for qwen-mt-turbo and qwen-mt-plus models', () => {
-      // qwen-mt series that don't support text delta
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-turbo' }))).toBe(true)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus' }))).toBe(true)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'Qwen-MT-Turbo' }))).toBe(true)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'QWEN-MT-PLUS' }))).toBe(true)
-    })
-
-    it('returns false for qwen-mt-flash and other models', () => {
-      // qwen-mt-flash supports text delta
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-flash' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'Qwen-MT-Flash' }))).toBe(false)
-
-      // Legacy qwen models without mt prefix (support text delta)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-turbo' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-plus' }))).toBe(false)
-
-      // Other qwen models
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-max' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen2.5-72b' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-vl-plus' }))).toBe(false)
-
-      // Non-qwen models
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'glm-4-plus' }))).toBe(false)
-    })
-
-    it('handles models with version suffixes', () => {
-      // qwen-mt models with version suffixes
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-turbo-1201' }))).toBe(true)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus-0828' }))).toBe(true)
-
-      // Legacy qwen models with version suffixes (support text delta)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-turbo-0828' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-plus-latest' }))).toBe(false)
     })
   })
 
-  it('evaluates GPT-5 family helpers', () => {
-    expect(isGPT5SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isGPT5SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-preview' }))).toBe(false)
-    expect(isGPT51SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-mini' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isGPT5SeriesReasoningModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-prompt' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-chat' }))).toBe(false)
-  })
-
-  it('wraps generate/vision helpers that operate on arrays', () => {
+  describe('Vision and image generation', () => {
+    describe('isVisionModels', () => {
+      it('returns true when all models support vision', () => {
         const models = [createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }), createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-mini' })]
         expect(isVisionModels(models)).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false when some models do not support vision', () => {
+        const models = [createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }), createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-mini' })]
         visionMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true).mockReturnValueOnce(false)
         expect(isVisionModels(models)).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
 
+    describe('isGenerateImageModels', () => {
+      it('returns true when all models support image generation', () => {
+        const models = [createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }), createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-mini' })]
+        generateImageMock.mockReturnValue(true)
         expect(isGenerateImageModels(models)).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false when some models do not support image generation', () => {
+        const models = [createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }), createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-mini' })]
         generateImageMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true).mockReturnValueOnce(false)
         expect(isGenerateImageModels(models)).toBe(false)
       })
+    })
+  })
 
-  it('filters models for agent usage', () => {
+  describe('Model filtering', () => {
+    describe('isSupportedModel', () => {
+      it('filters supported OpenAI catalog entries', () => {
+        expect(isSupportedModel({ id: 'gpt-4', object: 'model' } as any)).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('filters unsupported OpenAI catalog entries', () => {
+        expect(isSupportedModel({ id: 'tts-1', object: 'model' } as any)).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('agentModelFilter', () => {
+      it('returns true for regular models', () => {
         expect(agentModelFilter(createModel())).toBe(true)
+      })
 
+      it('filters out embedding models', () => {
         embeddingMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
         expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'text-embedding' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
 
+      it('filters out rerank models', () => {
         embeddingMock.mockReturnValue(false)
         rerankMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
         expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'rerank' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
 
+      it('filters out non-function-call models', () => {
+        rerankMock.mockReturnValue(false)
+        isFunctionCallingModelMock.mockReturnValueOnce(false)
+        expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'DeepSeek R1' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+
+      it('filters out text-to-image models', () => {
         rerankMock.mockReturnValue(false)
         textToImageMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
         expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'gpt-image-1' }))).toBe(false)
       })
+    })
 
-  it('identifies models with maximum temperature of 1.0', () => {
-    // Zhipu models should have max temperature of 1.0
+    textToImageMock.mockReturnValue(false)
+    generateImageMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
+    expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'dall-e-3' }))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  describe('Temperature limits', () => {
+    describe('isMaxTemperatureOneModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for Zhipu models', () => {
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'glm-4' }))).toBe(true)
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'GLM-4-Plus' }))).toBe(true)
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'glm-3-turbo' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
 
-    // Anthropic models should have max temperature of 1.0
+      it('returns true for Anthropic models', () => {
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5-sonnet' }))).toBe(true)
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'Claude-3-opus' }))).toBe(true)
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-2.1' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
 
-    // Moonshot models should have max temperature of 1.0
+      it('returns true for Moonshot models', () => {
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'moonshot-1.0' }))).toBe(true)
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'kimi-k2-thinking' }))).toBe(true)
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'Moonshot-Pro' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
 
-    // Other models should return false
+      it('returns false for other models', () => {
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4-turbo' }))).toBe(false)
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-max' }))).toBe(false)
         expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'gemini-pro' }))).toBe(false)
       })
+    })
+  })
 })

src/renderer/src/config/models/reasoning.ts

@@ -396,7 +396,11 @@ export function isClaude45ReasoningModel(model: Model): boolean {
 
 export function isClaude4SeriesModel(model: Model): boolean {
   const modelId = getLowerBaseModelName(model.id, '/')
-  const regex = /claude-(sonnet|opus|haiku)-4(?:[.-]\d+)?(?:-[\w-]+)?$/i
+  // Supports various formats including:
+  // - Direct API: claude-sonnet-4, claude-opus-4-20250514
+  // - GCP Vertex AI: claude-sonnet-4@20250514
+  // - AWS Bedrock: anthropic.claude-sonnet-4-20250514-v1:0
+  const regex = /claude-(sonnet|opus|haiku)-4(?:[.-]\d+)?(?:[@\-:][\w\-:]+)?$/i
   return regex.test(modelId)
 }
 
@@ -456,6 +460,7 @@ export const isSupportedThinkingTokenZhipuModel = (model: Model): boolean => {
 }
 
 export const isDeepSeekHybridInferenceModel = (model: Model) => {
+  const { idResult, nameResult } = withModelIdAndNameAsId(model, (model) => {
     const modelId = getLowerBaseModelName(model.id)
     // deepseek官方使用chat和reasoner做推理控制，其他provider需要单独判断，id可能会有所差别
     // openrouter: deepseek/deepseek-chat-v3.1 不知道会不会有其他provider仿照ds官方分出一个同id的作为非思考模式的模型，这里有风险
@@ -466,6 +471,8 @@ export const isDeepSeekHybridInferenceModel = (model: Model) => {
     // Does NOT match: deepseek-v3.123 (missing separator after '1'), deepseek-v3.x (x isn't a digit)
     // TODO: move to utils and add test cases
     return /deepseek-v3(?:\.\d|-\d)(?:(\.|-)\w+)?$/.test(modelId) || modelId.includes('deepseek-chat-v3.1')
+  })
+  return idResult || nameResult
 }
 
 export const isLingReasoningModel = (model?: Model): boolean => {
@@ -519,7 +526,6 @@ export function isReasoningModel(model?: Model): boolean {
       REASONING_REGEX.test(model.name) ||
       isSupportedThinkingTokenDoubaoModel(model) ||
       isDeepSeekHybridInferenceModel(model) ||
-      isDeepSeekHybridInferenceModel({ ...model, id: model.name }) ||
       false
     )
   }

src/renderer/src/config/models/tooluse.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+import { getProviderByModel } from '@renderer/services/AssistantService'
 import type { Model } from '@renderer/types'
 import { isSystemProviderId } from '@renderer/types'
 import { getLowerBaseModelName, isUserSelectedModelType } from '@renderer/utils'
+import { isAzureOpenAIProvider } from '@shared/provider'
 
 import { isEmbeddingModel, isRerankModel } from './embedding'
 import { isDeepSeekHybridInferenceModel } from './reasoning'
@@ -52,6 +54,13 @@ export const FUNCTION_CALLING_REGEX = new RegExp(
   'i'
 )
 
+const AZURE_FUNCTION_CALLING_EXCLUDED_MODELS = [
+  '(?:Meta-)?Llama-3(?:\\.\\d+)?-[\\w-]+',
+  'Phi-[34](?:\\.[\\w-]+)?(?:-[\\w-]+)?',
+  'DeepSeek-(?:R1|V3)',
+  'Codestral-2501'
+]
+
 export function isFunctionCallingModel(model?: Model): boolean {
   if (!model || isEmbeddingModel(model) || isRerankModel(model) || isTextToImageModel(model)) {
     return false
@@ -67,6 +76,15 @@ export function isFunctionCallingModel(model?: Model): boolean {
     return FUNCTION_CALLING_REGEX.test(modelId) || FUNCTION_CALLING_REGEX.test(model.name)
   }
 
+  const provider = getProviderByModel(model)
+
+  if (isAzureOpenAIProvider(provider)) {
+    const azureExcludedRegex = new RegExp(`\\b(?:${AZURE_FUNCTION_CALLING_EXCLUDED_MODELS.join('|')})\\b`, 'i')
+    if (azureExcludedRegex.test(modelId)) {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+
   if (['deepseek', 'anthropic', 'kimi', 'moonshot'].includes(model.provider)) {
     return true
   }

src/renderer/src/config/models/utils.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,20 @@
 import type OpenAI from '@cherrystudio/openai'
 import { isEmbeddingModel, isRerankModel } from '@renderer/config/models/embedding'
+import { getProviderByModel } from '@renderer/services/AssistantService'
 import { type Model, SystemProviderIds } from '@renderer/types'
 import type { OpenAIVerbosity, ValidOpenAIVerbosity } from '@renderer/types/aiCoreTypes'
 import { getLowerBaseModelName } from '@renderer/utils'
 
-import { isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel, isOpenAIOpenWeightModel, isOpenAIReasoningModel } from './openai'
+import {
+  isGPT5ProModel,
+  isGPT5SeriesModel,
+  isGPT51SeriesModel,
+  isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel,
+  isOpenAIOpenWeightModel,
+  isOpenAIReasoningModel
+} from './openai'
 import { isQwenMTModel } from './qwen'
+import { isFunctionCallingModel } from './tooluse'
 import { isGenerateImageModel, isTextToImageModel, isVisionModel } from './vision'
 export const NOT_SUPPORTED_REGEX = /(?:^tts|whisper|speech)/i
 export const GEMINI_FLASH_MODEL_REGEX = new RegExp('gemini.*-flash.*$', 'i')
@@ -123,21 +132,46 @@ export const isNotSupportSystemMessageModel = (model: Model): boolean => {
   return isQwenMTModel(model) || isGemmaModel(model)
 }
 
-// GPT-5 verbosity configuration
+// Verbosity settings is only supported by GPT-5 and newer models
+// Specifically, GPT-5 and GPT-5.1 for now
 // gpt-5-pro only supports 'high', other GPT-5 models support all levels
-export const MODEL_SUPPORTED_VERBOSITY: Record<string, ValidOpenAIVerbosity[]> = {
-  'gpt-5-pro': ['high'],
-  default: ['low', 'medium', 'high']
-} as const
+const MODEL_SUPPORTED_VERBOSITY: readonly {
+  readonly validator: (model: Model) => boolean
+  readonly values: readonly ValidOpenAIVerbosity[]
+}[] = [
+  // gpt-5-pro
+  { validator: isGPT5ProModel, values: ['high'] },
+  // gpt-5 except gpt-5-pro
+  {
+    validator: (model: Model) => isGPT5SeriesModel(model) && !isGPT5ProModel(model),
+    values: ['low', 'medium', 'high']
+  },
+  // gpt-5.1
+  { validator: isGPT51SeriesModel, values: ['low', 'medium', 'high'] }
+]
 
-export const getModelSupportedVerbosity = (model: Model): OpenAIVerbosity[] => {
-  const modelId = getLowerBaseModelName(model.id)
-  let supportedValues: ValidOpenAIVerbosity[]
-  if (modelId.includes('gpt-5-pro')) {
-    supportedValues = MODEL_SUPPORTED_VERBOSITY['gpt-5-pro']
-  } else {
-    supportedValues = MODEL_SUPPORTED_VERBOSITY.default
+/**
+ * Returns the list of supported verbosity levels for the given model.
+ * If the model is not recognized as a GPT-5 series model, only `undefined` is returned.
+ * For GPT-5-pro, only 'high' is supported; for other GPT-5 models, 'low', 'medium', and 'high' are supported.
+ * For GPT-5.1 series models, 'low', 'medium', and 'high' are supported.
+ * @param model - The model to check
+ * @returns An array of supported verbosity levels, always including `undefined` as the first element
+ */
+export const getModelSupportedVerbosity = (model: Model | undefined | null): OpenAIVerbosity[] => {
+  if (!model) {
+    return [undefined]
   }
+
+  let supportedValues: ValidOpenAIVerbosity[] = []
+
+  for (const { validator, values } of MODEL_SUPPORTED_VERBOSITY) {
+    if (validator(model)) {
+      supportedValues = [...values]
+      break
+    }
+  }
+
   return [undefined, ...supportedValues]
 }
 
@@ -149,8 +183,21 @@ export const isGeminiModel = (model: Model) => {
 // zhipu 视觉推理模型用这组 special token 标记推理结果
 export const ZHIPU_RESULT_TOKENS = ['<|begin_of_box|>', '<|end_of_box|>'] as const
 
+// TODO: 支持提示词模式的工具调用
 export const agentModelFilter = (model: Model): boolean => {
-  return !isEmbeddingModel(model) && !isRerankModel(model) && !isTextToImageModel(model)
+  const provider = getProviderByModel(model)
+
+  // 需要适配，且容易超出限额
+  if (provider.id === SystemProviderIds.copilot) {
+    return false
+  }
+  return (
+    !isEmbeddingModel(model) &&
+    !isRerankModel(model) &&
+    !isTextToImageModel(model) &&
+    !isGenerateImageModel(model) &&
+    isFunctionCallingModel(model)
+  )
 }
 
 export const isMaxTemperatureOneModel = (model: Model): boolean => {

src/renderer/src/hooks/useScrollPosition.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { throttle } from 'lodash'
-import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { useEffect, useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
 
 import { useTimer } from './useTimer'
 
@@ -12,13 +12,18 @@ import { useTimer } from './useTimer'
  */
 export default function useScrollPosition(key: string, throttleWait?: number) {
   const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
-  const scrollKey = `scroll:${key}`
+  const scrollKey = useMemo(() => `scroll:${key}`, [key])
+  const scrollKeyRef = useRef(scrollKey)
   const { setTimeoutTimer } = useTimer()
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    scrollKeyRef.current = scrollKey
+  }, [scrollKey])
+
   const handleScroll = throttle(() => {
     const position = containerRef.current?.scrollTop ?? 0
     window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-      window.keyv.set(scrollKey, position)
+      window.keyv.set(scrollKeyRef.current, position)
     })
   }, throttleWait ?? 100)
 
@@ -28,5 +33,9 @@ export default function useScrollPosition(key: string, throttleWait?: number) {
     setTimeoutTimer('scrollEffect', scroll, 50)
   }, [scrollKey, setTimeoutTimer])
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    return () => handleScroll.cancel()
+  }, [handleScroll])
+
   return { containerRef, handleScroll }
 }

src/renderer/src/hooks/useTimer.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
 
 /**
  * 定时器管理 Hook，用于管理 setTimeout 和 setInterval 定时器，支持通过 key 来标识不同的定时器
@@ -43,10 +43,38 @@ export const useTimer = () => {
   const timeoutMapRef = useRef(new Map<string, NodeJS.Timeout>())
   const intervalMapRef = useRef(new Map<string, NodeJS.Timeout>())
 
+  /**
+   * 清除指定 key 的 setTimeout 定时器
+   * @param key - 定时器标识符
+   */
+  const clearTimeoutTimer = useCallback((key: string) => {
+    clearTimeout(timeoutMapRef.current.get(key))
+    timeoutMapRef.current.delete(key)
+  }, [])
+
+  /**
+   * 清除指定 key 的 setInterval 定时器
+   * @param key - 定时器标识符
+   */
+  const clearIntervalTimer = useCallback((key: string) => {
+    clearInterval(intervalMapRef.current.get(key))
+    intervalMapRef.current.delete(key)
+  }, [])
+
+  /**
+   * 清除所有定时器，包括 setTimeout 和 setInterval
+   */
+  const clearAllTimers = useCallback(() => {
+    timeoutMapRef.current.forEach((timer) => clearTimeout(timer))
+    intervalMapRef.current.forEach((timer) => clearInterval(timer))
+    timeoutMapRef.current.clear()
+    intervalMapRef.current.clear()
+  }, [])
+
   // 组件卸载时自动清理所有定时器
   useEffect(() => {
     return () => clearAllTimers()
-  }, [])
+  }, [clearAllTimers])
 
   /**
    * 设置一个 setTimeout 定时器
@@ -65,12 +93,15 @@ export const useTimer = () => {
    * cleanup();
    * ```
    */
-  const setTimeoutTimer = (key: string, ...args: Parameters<typeof setTimeout>) => {
+  const setTimeoutTimer = useCallback(
+    (key: string, ...args: Parameters<typeof setTimeout>) => {
       clearTimeout(timeoutMapRef.current.get(key))
       const timer = setTimeout(...args)
       timeoutMapRef.current.set(key, timer)
       return () => clearTimeoutTimer(key)
-  }
+    },
+    [clearTimeoutTimer]
+  )
 
   /**
    * 设置一个 setInterval 定时器
@@ -89,56 +120,31 @@ export const useTimer = () => {
    * cleanup();
    * ```
    */
-  const setIntervalTimer = (key: string, ...args: Parameters<typeof setInterval>) => {
+  const setIntervalTimer = useCallback(
+    (key: string, ...args: Parameters<typeof setInterval>) => {
       clearInterval(intervalMapRef.current.get(key))
       const timer = setInterval(...args)
       intervalMapRef.current.set(key, timer)
       return () => clearIntervalTimer(key)
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 清除指定 key 的 setTimeout 定时器
-   * @param key - 定时器标识符
-   */
-  const clearTimeoutTimer = (key: string) => {
-    clearTimeout(timeoutMapRef.current.get(key))
-    timeoutMapRef.current.delete(key)
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 清除指定 key 的 setInterval 定时器
-   * @param key - 定时器标识符
-   */
-  const clearIntervalTimer = (key: string) => {
-    clearInterval(intervalMapRef.current.get(key))
-    intervalMapRef.current.delete(key)
-  }
+    },
+    [clearIntervalTimer]
+  )
 
   /**
    * 清除所有 setTimeout 定时器
    */
-  const clearAllTimeoutTimers = () => {
+  const clearAllTimeoutTimers = useCallback(() => {
     timeoutMapRef.current.forEach((timer) => clearTimeout(timer))
     timeoutMapRef.current.clear()
-  }
+  }, [])
 
   /**
    * 清除所有 setInterval 定时器
    */
-  const clearAllIntervalTimers = () => {
+  const clearAllIntervalTimers = useCallback(() => {
     intervalMapRef.current.forEach((timer) => clearInterval(timer))
     intervalMapRef.current.clear()
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 清除所有定时器，包括 setTimeout 和 setInterval
-   */
-  const clearAllTimers = () => {
-    timeoutMapRef.current.forEach((timer) => clearTimeout(timer))
-    intervalMapRef.current.forEach((timer) => clearInterval(timer))
-    timeoutMapRef.current.clear()
-    intervalMapRef.current.clear()
-  }
+  }, [])
 
   return {
     setTimeoutTimer,

src/renderer/src/i18n/locales/en-us.json

@@ -280,6 +280,7 @@
         "denied": "Tool request was denied.",
         "timeout": "Tool request timed out before receiving approval."
       },
+      "toolPendingFallback": "Tool",
       "waiting": "Waiting for tool permission decision..."
     },
     "type": {
@@ -1208,7 +1209,7 @@
   "endpoint_type": {
     "anthropic": "Anthropic",
     "gemini": "Gemini",
-    "image-generation": "Image Generation",
+    "image-generation": "Image Generation (OpenAI)",
     "jina-rerank": "Jina Rerank",
     "openai": "OpenAI",
     "openai-response": "OpenAI-Response"

src/renderer/src/i18n/locales/zh-cn.json

@@ -280,6 +280,7 @@
         "denied": "工具请求已被拒绝。",
         "timeout": "工具请求在收到批准前超时。"
       },
+      "toolPendingFallback": "工具",
       "waiting": "等待工具权限决定..."
     },
     "type": {
@@ -1208,7 +1209,7 @@
   "endpoint_type": {
     "anthropic": "Anthropic",
     "gemini": "Gemini",
-    "image-generation": "图片生成",
+    "image-generation": "图像生成 (OpenAI)",
     "jina-rerank": "Jina 重排序",
     "openai": "OpenAI",
     "openai-response": "OpenAI-Response"

src/renderer/src/i18n/locales/zh-tw.json

@@ -280,6 +280,7 @@
         "denied": "工具請求已被拒絕。",
         "timeout": "工具請求在收到核准前逾時。"
       },
+      "toolPendingFallback": "工具",
       "waiting": "等待工具權限決定..."
     },
     "type": {
@@ -1208,7 +1209,7 @@
   "endpoint_type": {
     "anthropic": "Anthropic",
     "gemini": "Gemini",
-    "image-generation": "圖片生成",
+    "image-generation": "圖像生成 (OpenAI)",
     "jina-rerank": "Jina Rerank",
     "openai": "OpenAI",
     "openai-response": "OpenAI-Response"

src/renderer/src/i18n/translate/de-de.json

@@ -280,6 +280,7 @@
         "denied": "Tool-Anfrage wurde abgelehnt.",
         "timeout": "Tool-Anfrage ist abgelaufen, bevor eine Genehmigung eingegangen ist."
       },
+      "toolPendingFallback": "Werkzeug",
       "waiting": "Warten auf Entscheidung über Tool-Berechtigung..."
     },
     "type": {
@@ -1208,7 +1209,7 @@
   "endpoint_type": {
     "anthropic": "Anthropic",
     "gemini": "Gemini",
-    "image-generation": "Bildgenerierung",
+    "image-generation": "Bilderzeugung (OpenAI)",
     "jina-rerank": "Jina Reranking",
     "openai": "OpenAI",
     "openai-response": "OpenAI-Response"